Inaccurate judgement of reach is associated with slow reaction time, poor balance, impaired executive function and predicts prospective falls in older people with cognitive impairment

Abstract Aims Investigate the relationship between global cognition and cognitive domain function and balance performance in a large sample of older people with cognitive impairment. Methods Three hundred and nine community-dwelling older people (mean age=82 years; 47% female) with cognitive impairment were recruited for the iFOCIS fall prevention randomised controlled trial. Baseline assessments completed before randomisation were used for analyses and included the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-III (ACE-III; global cognitive function) and its individual cognitive domains (attention; memory; verbal fluency; language; visuospatial ability) and executive function, further examined using the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). Balance performance was derived by averaging postural sway on floor and foam, maximal balance range (reverse z-score) and co-ordinated stability z-scores. With balance performance as the dependent variable, global cognition and each cognitive domain were entered into multivariate linear regression models. Results Mean (± standard deviation) ACE-III and FAB scores were 62.8±19.2 and 11.4±4.6 respectively. In linear regression analyses adjusted for covariates, global cognitive function and each cognitive domain were significantly associated with balance performance. Executive function (verbal fluency; β=-.248, p<0.001, adjusted R2=0.376) and visuospatial ability (β=-.250, p<0.001, adjusted R2=0.381) had the strongest and memory the weakest (β=-.119, p=0.018, adjusted R2=0.334) association with balance. Visuospatial ability remained significantly associated with balance performance when adjusted for attention, memory, language, verbal fluency and the FAB. Executive function (verbal fluency) remained significantly associated with balance when adjusted for attention, memory, language and visuospatial ability. Conversely, attention, memory, and language did not withstand adjustment for visuospatial ability or executive function. Conclusions Poorer global cognition and performance in each cognitive domain were associated with poorer balance performance in this large sample of community-dwelling older people with cognitive impairment. Visuospatial ability and executive function were independently associated with balance, highlighting the role higher-level cognitive processes and spatial perception and processing play in postural control.

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Understanding and managing cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder in older people

BJPsych Advances ◽

10.1192/bja.2018.74 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 150-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Judy S. Rubinsztein ◽

Barbara J. Sahakian ◽

John T. O'Brien

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Executive Function ◽

Older People ◽

Late Onset ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Screening Tests ◽

List Type ◽

Working Age ◽

Attention Memory

SUMMARYBipolar disorder is less prevalent in older people but accounts for 8–10% of psychiatric admissions. Treating and managing bipolar disorder in older people is challenging because of medical comorbidity. We review the cognitive problems observed in older people, explore why these are important and consider current treatment options. There are very few studies examining the cognitive profiles of older people with bipolar disorder and symptomatic depression and mania, and these show significant impairments in executive function. Most studies have focused on cognitive impairment in euthymic older people: as in euthymic adults of working age, significant impairments are observed in tests of attention, memory and executive function/processing speeds. Screening tests are not always helpful in euthymic older people as the impairment can be relatively subtle, and more in-depth neuropsychological testing may be needed to show impairments. Cognitive impairment may be more pronounced in older people with ‘late-onset’ bipolar disorder than in those with ‘early-onset’ disorder. Strategies to address symptomatic cognitive impairment in older people include assertive treatment of the mood disorder, minimising drugs that can adversely affect cognition, optimising physical healthcare and reducing relapse rates.LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter reading this article you will be able to: •understand that cognitive impairment in euthymic older people with bipolar disorder is similar to that in working-age adults with the disorder, affecting attention, memory and executive function/processing speeds•recognise that cognitive impairment in older people is likely to be a major determinant of functional outcomes•Implement approaches to treat cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder.DECLARATION OF INTERESTB.J.S. consults for Cambridge Cognition, PEAK (www.peak.net) and Mundipharma.

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Fast and slow reaction time changes reflected in erp brain function

International Journal of Neuroscience ◽

10.3109/00207459808986414 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 93 (1-2) ◽

pp. 75-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

H. Bahramali ◽

E. Gordon ◽

W. M. Li ◽

C. Rennie ◽

J. Wright

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Brain Function ◽

Slow Reaction ◽

Slow Reaction Time ◽

Time Changes

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Tinted contact lenses slow reaction time in colour defective observers

Clinical and Experimental Optometry ◽

10.1111/j.1444-0938.1986.tb04594.x ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 69 (6) ◽

pp. 213-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

H W Pun ◽

Man Brown ◽

R. Lui

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Contact Lenses ◽

Slow Reaction ◽

Slow Reaction Time

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Relationships between Gait Regularity and Cognitive Function, including Cognitive Domains and Mild Cognitive Impairment, in Community-Dwelling Older People

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9111571 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1571

Author(s):

Takasuke Miyazaki ◽

Ryoji Kiyama ◽

Yuki Nakai ◽

Masayuki Kawada ◽

Yasufumi Takeshita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Executive Function ◽

Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Older People ◽

Processing Speed ◽

Vertical Component ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Cognitive Domains ◽

Community Dwelling Older People

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the correlations between gait regularity, cognitive functions including cognitive domains, and the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in community-dwelling older people. This study included 463 older adults (63.4% women, mean age: 74.1), and their step and stride regularity along the three-axis components was estimated from trunk acceleration, which was measured by inertial measurement units during a comfortable gait. Four aspects of cognitive function were assessed using a tablet computer: attention, executive function, processing speed, and memory, and participants were classified into those with or without MCI. The vertical component of stride and step regularity was associated with attention and executive function (r = −0.176–−0.109, p ≤ 0.019), and processing speed (r = 0.152, p < 0.001), after it was adjusted for age and gait speed. The low vertical component of step regularity was related to the MCI after it was adjusted for covariates (OR 0.019; p = 0.016). The results revealed that cognitive function could affect gait regularity, and the vertical component of gait regularity, as measured by a wearable sensor, could play an important role in investigating cognitive decline in older people.

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Catch the ruler: concurrent validity and test–retest reliability of the ReacStick measures of reaction time and inhibitory executive function in older people

Aging Clinical and Experimental Research ◽

10.1007/s40520-018-1050-6 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (8) ◽

pp. 1147-1154 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kimberley S. van Schooten ◽

Lionne Duran ◽

Maike Visschedijk ◽

Mirjam Pijnappels ◽

Stephen R. Lord ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Executive Function ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Older People ◽

Concurrent Validity ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Test Retest Reliability

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Cognitive Impairment High Among Older People, Study Suggests

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e301692003-001 ◽

2001 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Older People

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The effects of combined cognitive training on prospective memory in older adults with mild cognitive impairment

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-95126-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yifan Chen ◽

Wei Zhou ◽

Zijing Hong ◽

Rongrong Hu ◽

Zhibin Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Executive Function ◽

Cognitive Training ◽

Prospective Memory ◽

Training Group ◽

Strategy Training ◽

Control Group ◽

Executive Function Training ◽

Encoding Strategy

AbstractThis study aimed to assess the effects of combined cognitive training on prospective memory ability of older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). A total of 113 participants were divided into a control group and three intervention groups. Over three months, the control group received only community education without any training, whereas for the first six weeks, an executive function training group received executive function training, a memory strategy training group received semantic encoding strategy training, and the combined cognitive training group received executive function training twice a week for the first six weeks, and semantic encoding strategy training twice a week for the next six weeks. The combined cognitive training group showed improvement on the objective neuropsychological testing (Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale). The memory strategy training group showed improvement on the self-evaluation scales (PRMQ-PM). Combined cognitive training improved the prospective memory and cognitive function of older adults with MCI.

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