scholarly journals First detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in Icelandic mussels (Mytilus edulis): Links to causative phytoplankton species

Food Control ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Burrell ◽  
Thor Gunnarsson ◽  
Karl Gunnarsson ◽  
Dave Clarke ◽  
Andrew D. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Phytoplankton Species ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Psp Toxins

scholarly journals Immunoassay Methods for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 1649-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewald Usleber ◽  
Richard Dietrich ◽  
Christine Bürk ◽  
Elisabeth Schneider ◽  
Erwin Märtlbauer
Keyword(s):  
Test Procedure ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Sample Extract ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Psp Toxins ◽  
Immunochemical Techniques

Abstract The current status of immunochemical techniques for analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins is summarized. Important aspects regarding production of the biological reagents necessary for immunochemical methods, the characteristics of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin, and the importance of test sensitivity and specificity are discussed. Applications of immunochemical techniques for PSP toxins include microtiter plate enzyme immunoasays and enzyme-linked immunofiltration assays for toxin detection, and immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) for sample extract cleanup. A major advantage of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is simplicity and rapidity of the test procedure, and higher sensitivity than other methods. However, quantitative agreement between EIA and mouse bioassay is dependent on antibody specificity and the toxin profile in the shellfish; thus, both over- and underestimation of total toxicity may occur. For screening purposes, however, EIAs offer major advantages over the mouse bioassay, which is criticized in Europe because of animal welfare. A major application of antibodies against PSP toxins is their use for extract cleanup by IAC, which gives highly purified extracts, thereby enhancing determination of PSP toxins by conventional physicochemical methods such as liquid chromatography. IAC can also be used to isolate PSP toxins for preparation of analytical standard solutions.

scholarly journals Assessment of MIST Alert™, a Commercial Qualitative Assay for Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Bivalve Molluscs

2002 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 632-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona H Mackintosh ◽  
Susan Gallacher ◽  
Aileen M Shanks ◽  
Elizabeth A Smith
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Psp Toxins

Abstract A recently developed commercial rapid test kit (MIST Alert™) was assessed for determination of the presence of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in shellfish. Several commercially important shellfish species obtained from the UK shellfish toxin monitoring program, containing a range of total PSP toxicities as determined by the mouse bioassay (MBA), were tested. The kit detected toxin in all samples containing the European Community tolerance level of 80 μg saxitoxin (STX) equivalents/100 g shellfish flesh as determined by the MBA. With one exception, the kit detected toxin in all samples that contained >40 μg STX equivalents/100 g according to the MBA. Among samples in which the MBA did not detect toxin, the kit disagreed in 25% of the tests, although further analysis by liquid chromatography (LC) and MBA of some samples confirmed the presence of toxins. These results suggest that MIST Alert may be suitable as an initial screen for PSP toxins as part of routine monitoring programs, thereby greatly reducing the number of MBAs. Trials were also performed by nonscientific personnel to evaluate the ease of use and interpretation of results obtained by MIST Alert. The results indicated that the kits could be readily used and accurately interpreted by individuals with no technical or scientific background.

Evaluation of the production of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by extracellular bacteria isolated from the toxic dinoflagellateAlexandrium minutum

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 943-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Jesús Prol ◽  
Cástor Guisande ◽  
Aldo Barreiro ◽  
Beatriz Míguez ◽  
Pablo de la Iglesia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Culturable Bacteria ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Alexandrium Minutum ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Identification Of Bacteria ◽  
Psp Toxins

The purpose of the study was to determine if paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins are present in extracellular bacteria isolated from a toxic strain of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum . A quantitative analysis was carried out of viable culturable bacteria attached to the surface of dinoflagellates and of bacteria present in dinoflagellate culture medium. A numerical taxonomy study was undertaken for presumptive identification of bacteria attached to the surface of dinoflagellates. Members of the following genera were detected on the cell surface of A. minutum: Cellulophaga , Marinomonas , Pseudoalteromonas , and Vibrio . The presence of intracellular PSP toxins in bacteria isolated from the cell surface of dinoflagellates was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC–FLD). Compounds that eluted at the same time as the standards of the PSP toxins GTX-2, GTX-3, GTX-4, dcGTX-2, and dcGTX-3 were present in some of the bacterial cell extracts. Natural fluorescent bacterial compounds, coeluting with some PSP toxins, were also detected. The results obtained showed that the fluorescent compounds, identified as putative PSP toxins by HPLC–FLD, did not correspond to any PSP analogue. This allowed us to reject the hypothesis that extracellular bacteria attached to the surface of dinoflagellates produce PSP toxins.

scholarly journals Quantitative Determination of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Shellfish by Using Prechromatographic Oxidation and Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1099-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F Lawrence ◽  
Barbara Niedzwiadek
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Oxidation Reaction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Cleanup Procedure ◽  
Psp Toxins

Abstract The prechromatographic oxidation LC method developed by Lawrence [J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 74, 404–409(1991)] for the determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins has been tested for the quantitative determination of PSP toxins in shellfish. All aspects of the method were studied and modified as necessary to improve its performance for routine regulatory purposes. The chromatographic conditions were changed to shorten analysis time. The oxidation reaction was tested for repeatability and the influence of the s ample matrix on quantitation. An important part of the study was to quantitatively evaluate an ion exchange (-COOH) cleanup step using disposable solid-phase extraction cartridges that separated the PSP toxins into 3 distinct groups for quantitation, namely the C toxins, the GTX toxins, and the saxitoxin group. The cleanup step was very simple and used increasing concentrations of aqueous NaCl for elution of the toxins. The C toxins were not retained by the cartridges and thus were eluted unretained with water. The GTX toxins (GTX1 to GTX6 as well as dcGTX2 and dcGTX3) eluted from the cartridges with 0.05M NaCl while the saxitoxin group (saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, and dcsaxitoxin) required 0.3M NaCl for elution. Each fraction was analyzed by LC after oxidation with periodate or peroxide. All of the compounds could be separated and quantitatively determined in spiked samples of mussels, clams, and oysters. The nonhydroxylated toxins could be quantitated at concentrations as low as about 0.02 μg/g (2 μg/100 g) of tissue while the hydroxylated toxins could be quantitated at concentrations as low as about 0.1 μg/g (10 μg/100 g). Average recoveries of the toxins through the complete cleanup procedure were 85%or greater for spiked extracts of oysters and clams and greater than 73%for mussels.

scholarly journals Optimization of Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Development of Solid-Phase Extraction for the Determination of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins

2008 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1372-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Turrell ◽  
Lesley Stobo ◽  
Jean-Pierre Lacaze ◽  
Sergey Piletsky ◽  
Elena Piletska
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Hydrophilic Interaction ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Psp Toxins

Abstract The combination of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) for the determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins has been proposed for use in routine monitoring of shellfish. In this study, methods for the detection of multiple PSP toxins [saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NEO), decarbamoyl saxitoxin (dcSTX), decarbamoyl neosaxitoxin (dcNEO), gonyautoxins 15 (GTX1, GTX2, GTX3, GTX4, GTX5), decarbamoyl gonyautoxins (dcGTX2 and dcGTX3), and the N-sulfocarbamoyl C toxins (C1 and C2)] were optimized using single (MS) and triple quadrupole (MS/MS) instruments. Chromatographic separation of the toxins was achieved by using a TSK-gel Amide-80 analytical column, although superior chromatography was observed through application of a ZIC-HILIC column. Preparative procedures used to clean up shellfish extracts and concentrate PSP toxins prior to analysis were investigated. The capacity of computationally designed polymeric (CDP) materials and HILIC solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges to retain highly polar PSP toxins was explored. Three CDP materials and 2 HILIC cartridges were assessed for the extraction of PSP toxins from aqueous solution. Screening of the CDPs showed that all tested polymers adsorbed PSP toxins. A variety of elution procedures were examined, with dilute 0.01 acetic acid providing optimum recovery from a CDP based on 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid as the monomer. ZIC-HILIC SPE cartridges were superior to the PolyLC equivalent, with recoveries ranging from 70 to 112 (ZIC-HILIC) and 0 to 90 (PolyLC) depending on the PSP toxin. It is proposed that optimized SPE and HILIC-MS methods can be applied for the quantitative determination of PSP toxins in shellfish.

Patterns of Intoxication of Shellfish in the Gulf of Maine Coastal Waters

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Hurst ◽  
Clarice M. Yentsch
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Red Tide ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish ◽  
Shellfish Toxin ◽  
Low Probability

There is considerable variability of intoxication in Mytilus edulis leading to Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) along the Gulf of Maine coast. When samples from the same sampling location are collected and analyzed on a sufficiently frequent basis, patterns are evident. The patterns are (1) There are areas of high and low probability of shellfish toxin on the Maine coast. (2) Within the high probability areas, the timing at different stations is similar although there is intraannual variability. (3) Toxin rise can occur any time during vernal warning, the most probable timing being spring or late summer. (4) Toxin levels at offshore stations (e.g. Monhegan Island) are frequently much higher than toxin levels at nearshore and inshore stations. These patterns are useful as tracers of bloom dynamics.Key words: Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning, PSP; shellfish toxins, dinoflagellates, bloom dynamics, red tide, Gonyaulax tamarensis var. excavata, Mytilus edulis

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