Time-course analysis of food cue processing: An eye-tracking investigation on context effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 103936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Potthoff ◽  
Anne Schienle
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Cue Processing

scholarly journals A novel multi-word paradigm for investigating semantic context effects in language production

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia van Scherpenberg ◽  
Rasha Abdel Rahman ◽  
Hellmuth Obrig
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Semantic Context ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Target Picture ◽  
Novel Variant ◽  
Lexical Interference ◽  
Respective Category

Semantic context modulates precision and speed of language production. Using different experimental designs including the Picture-Word-Interference (PWI) paradigm, it has consistently been shown that categorically related distractor words (e.g., cat) inhibit retrieval of the target picture name (dog). Here we introduce a novel variant of the PWI paradigm in which we present 8 words prior to a to be named target picture. Within this set, the number of words categorically related was varied between 3 and 5, and the picture to be named was either related or unrelated to the respective category. To disentangle interacting effects of semantic context we combined different naming paradigms manipulating the number of competitors, and assessing the effect of repeated naming instances. Evaluating processing of the cohort by eye-tracking provided us with a metric of the (implicit) recognition of the semantic cohort. Results replicate the interference effect in that overall naming of pictures categorically related to the distractor set was slower compared to unrelated pictures. However, interference did not increase with increasing number of distractors. Tracking this effect across naming repetitions, we found that interference is prominent at the first naming instance of every picture only, whereby it is stable across distractor conditions, but dissipates across the experiment. Regarding eye-tracking our data show that participants fixated longer on semantically related items, indicating the identification of the lexico-semantic cohort. Our findings confirm the validity of the novel paradigm and indicate that besides interference during first exposure, repeated exposure to the semantic context may facilitate picture naming and counteract lexical interference.

scholarly journals Eye-tracking the time course of distal and global speech rate effects.

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1148-1163
Author(s):  
Merel Maslowski ◽  
Antje S. Meyer ◽  
Hans Rutger Bosker
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Rate Effects

scholarly journals Dynamic Prediction During Perception of Everyday Events

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Eisenberg ◽  
Jeffrey M. Zacks ◽  
Shaney Flores
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Dynamic Prediction ◽  
Event Segmentation ◽  
Event Segmentation Theory ◽  
Near Future

AbstractThe ability to predict what is going to happen in the near future is integral for daily functioning. Previous research suggests that predictability varies over time, with increases in prediction error at those moments that people perceive as boundaries between meaningful events. These moments also tend to be points of rapid change in the environment. Eye tracking provides a method for continuous measurement of prediction as participants watch a movie of an actor performing a series of actions. In two studies, we used eye tracking to study the time course of prediction around event boundaries. In both studies, viewers looked at objects that were about to be touched by the actor shortly before the objects were contacted, demonstrating predictive looking. However, this behavior was modulated by event boundaries: looks to to-be-contacted objects near event boundaries were less likely to be early and more likely to be late, compared to looks to objects contacted within events. This result is consistent with theories proposing that event segmentation results from transient increases in prediction error.Significance StatementThe ability to predict what will happen in the near future is integral for adaptive functioning, and although there has been extensive research on predictive processing, the dynamics of prediction at the second by second level during the perception of naturalistic activity has never been explored. The current studies therefore describe results from a novel task, the Predictive Looking at Action Task (PLAT) that can be used to investigate the dynamics of predictive processing. Demonstrating the utility of this task to investigate predictive processing, this task was applied to study the predictions made by Event Segmentation Theory, which suggests that people experience event boundaries at times of change and unpredictability in the environment. The results of these studies are of interest to communities investigating the dynamic comprehension and segmentation of naturalistic events and to communities studying visual perception of naturalistic activity.

scholarly journals The Interaction of Morphological Gender With Stereotypical Information: An Eye Tracking Study on Gender Inferences

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Daniela Ronca ◽  
Vincenzo Moscati
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
On Line ◽  
Competing Models

In this paper we observe the time-course and the activation of gender stereotypes comparing the predictions of two competing models: the Minimalist (McKoon et al., 1992) and the Mental Model Hypothesis (Garnham 2001). The on-line processing of sentences containing male-biased stereotypes is experimentally investigated in Italian on epicenes nouns (i.e. nouns that do not morphologically disambiguate between male and female referents) adopting a procedure based on the Visual World paradigm.Eye-movements during sentence comprehension show that stereotypes become immediately active as soon as male-biased role nouns are encountered, as predicted by the Mental Model Hypothesis. Our results also show that when disambiguating cues based on morphological agreement are provided, the activation of stereotypes is blocked. This indicates that morphological gender is quickly processed and that it can suppress stereotypical gender biases.

scholarly journals The Roles of Consonant, Rime, and Tone in Mandarin Spoken Word Recognition: An Eye-Tracking Study

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Zou ◽  
Yutong Liu ◽  
Huiting Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Continuous Mapping ◽  
Phonological Similarity ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Growth Curve Analysis ◽  
Mapping Models

This study investigated the relative role of sub-syllabic components (initial consonant, rime, and tone) in spoken word recognition of Mandarin Chinese using an eye-tracking experiment with a visual world paradigm. Native Mandarin speakers (all born and grew up in Beijing) were presented with four pictures and an auditory stimulus. They were required to click the picture according to the sound stimulus they heard, and their eye movements were tracked during this process. For a target word (e.g., tang2 “candy”), nine conditions of competitors were constructed in terms of the amount of their phonological overlap with the target: consonant competitor (e.g., ti1 “ladder”), rime competitor (e.g., lang4 “wave”), tone competitor (e.g., niu2 “cow”), consonant plus rime competitor (e.g., tang1”soup”), consonant plus tone competitor (e.g., tou2 “head”), rime plus tone competitor (e.g., yang2 “sheep”), cohort competitor (e.g., ta3 “tower”), cohort plus tone competitor (e.g., tao2 “peach”), and baseline competitor (e.g., xue3 “snow”). A growth curve analysis was conducted with the fixation to competitors, targets, and distractors, and the results showed that (1) competitors with consonant or rime overlap can be adequately activated, while tone overlap plays a weaker role since additional tonal information can strengthen the competitive effect only when it was added to a candidate that already bears much phonological similarity with the target. (2) Mandarin words are processed in an incremental way in the time course of word recognition since different partially overlapping competitors could be activated immediately; (3) like the pattern found in English, both cohort and rime competitors were activated to compete for lexical activation, but these two competitors were not temporally distinctive and mainly differed in the size of their competitive effects. Generally, the gradation of activation based on the phonological similarity between target and candidates found in this study was in line with the continuous mapping models and may reflect a strategy of native speakers shaped by the informative characteristics of the interaction among different sub-syllabic components.

scholarly journals Do Musicians and Non-musicians Differ in Speech-on-Speech Processing?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elif Canseza Kaplan ◽  
Anita E. Wagner ◽  
Paolo Toffanin ◽  
Deniz Başkent
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Speech Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Spoken Language Processing ◽  
Sentence Recall ◽  
Gaze Fixations

Earlier studies have shown that musically trained individuals may have a benefit in adverse listening situations when compared to non-musicians, especially in speech-on-speech perception. However, the literature provides mostly conflicting results. In the current study, by employing different measures of spoken language processing, we aimed to test whether we could capture potential differences between musicians and non-musicians in speech-on-speech processing. We used an offline measure of speech perception (sentence recall task), which reveals a post-task response, and online measures of real time spoken language processing: gaze-tracking and pupillometry. We used stimuli of comparable complexity across both paradigms and tested the same groups of participants. In the sentence recall task, musicians recalled more words correctly than non-musicians. In the eye-tracking experiment, both groups showed reduced fixations to the target and competitor words’ images as the level of speech maskers increased. The time course of gaze fixations to the competitor did not differ between groups in the speech-in-quiet condition, while the time course dynamics did differ between groups as the two-talker masker was added to the target signal. As the level of two-talker masker increased, musicians showed reduced lexical competition as indicated by the gaze fixations to the competitor. The pupil dilation data showed differences mainly in one target-to-masker ratio. This does not allow to draw conclusions regarding potential differences in the use of cognitive resources between groups. Overall, the eye-tracking measure enabled us to observe that musicians may be using a different strategy than non-musicians to attain spoken word recognition as the noise level increased. However, further investigation with more fine-grained alignment between the processes captured by online and offline measures is necessary to establish whether musicians differ due to better cognitive control or sound processing.

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