scholarly journals The Interaction of Morphological Gender With Stereotypical Information: An Eye Tracking Study on Gender Inferences

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Daniela Ronca ◽  
Vincenzo Moscati
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
On Line ◽  
Competing Models

In this paper we observe the time-course and the activation of gender stereotypes comparing the predictions of two competing models: the Minimalist (McKoon et al., 1992) and the Mental Model Hypothesis (Garnham 2001). The on-line processing of sentences containing male-biased stereotypes is experimentally investigated in Italian on epicenes nouns (i.e. nouns that do not morphologically disambiguate between male and female referents) adopting a procedure based on the Visual World paradigm.Eye-movements during sentence comprehension show that stereotypes become immediately active as soon as male-biased role nouns are encountered, as predicted by the Mental Model Hypothesis. Our results also show that when disambiguating cues based on morphological agreement are provided, the activation of stereotypes is blocked. This indicates that morphological gender is quickly processed and that it can suppress stereotypical gender biases.

Processing delays

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 65-78
Author(s):  
Loes Koring ◽  
Hans van de Koot
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Visual World Paradigm ◽  
Exact Time ◽  
On Line

Abstract An eye-tracking experiment using the Visual World Paradigm (VWP) shows that in on-line sentence processing in English the argument of an unaccusative verb reactivates late after verb offset. In contrast to previous studies, this VWP experiment establishes the exact time course of this effect, which matches the time course previously found for Dutch, despite differences in word order between the two languages. Furthermore, it uncovers an early reactivation of the argument of unergative verbs that has previously gone unnoticed. Such an effect has previously been observed for Dutch, but not for English. Moreover, the effect seems to occur earlier in English than in Dutch. We suggest that this difference may be due to the more rigid word order of English, which provides the parser with more informative cues.

scholarly journals Syntactic and semantic interference in sentence comprehension: Support from English and German eye-tracking data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Mertzen ◽  
Dario Paape ◽  
Brian Dillon ◽  
Ralf Engbert ◽  
Shravan Vasishth
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Relative Timing ◽  
Semantic Retrieval ◽  
Semantic Interference ◽  
Semantic Cues ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Default Assumption

A long-standing debate in the sentence processing literature concerns the time course of syntactic and semantic information in online sentence comprehension. The default assumption in cue-based models of parsing is that syntactic and semantic retrieval cues simultaneously guide dependency resolution. When retrieval cues match multiple items in memory, this leads to similarity-based interference. Both semantic and syntactic interferencehave been shown to occur in English. However, the relative timing of syntactic vs. semantic interference remains unclear. In this first-ever cross-linguistic investigation of the time course of syntactic vs. semantic interference, the data from two eye-tracking reading experiments (English and German) suggest that the two types of interference can in principle arise simultaneously during retrieval. However, the data also indicate that semantic cues may be evaluated with a small timing lag in German compared to English. This suggests that there may be cross-linguistic variation in how syntactic and semantic cues are used to resolve linguistic dependencies in real-time.

scholarly journals The electrophysiological underpinnings of processing gender stereotypes in language

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Siyanova ◽  
F Pesciarelli ◽  
C Cacciari
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Stereotypes ◽  
Third Person ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Brain

Despite the widely documented influence of gender stereotypes on social behaviour, little is known about the electrophysiological substrates engaged in the processing of such information when conveyed by language. Using event-related brain potentials (ERPs), we examined the brain response to third-person pronouns (lei "she" and lui "he") that were implicitly primed by definitional (passeggeraFEM "passenger", pensionatoMASC "pensioner"), or stereotypical antecedents (insegnante "teacher", conducente "driver"). An N400-like effect on the pronoun emerged when it was preceded by a definitionally incongruent prime (passeggeraFEM - lui; pensionatoMASC - lei), and a stereotypically incongruent prime for masculine pronouns only (insegnante - lui). In addition, a P300-like effect was found when the pronoun was preceded by definitionally incongruent primes. However, this effect was observed for female, but not male participants. Overall, these results provide further evidence for on-line effects of stereotypical gender in language comprehension. Importantly, our results also suggest a gender stereotype asymmetry in that male and female stereotypes affected the processing of pronouns differently. © 2012 Siyanova-Chanturia et al.

scholarly journals Gender stereotypes across the ages: On-line processing in school-age children, young and older adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Siyanova ◽  
Paul Warren ◽  
F Pesciarelli ◽  
C Cacciari
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Real Time Processing ◽  
Kinship Term ◽  
On Line ◽  
Care Worker

© 2015 Siyanova-Chanturia, Warren, Pesciarelli and Cacciari. Most research to date on implicit gender stereotyping has been conducted with one age group - young adults. The mechanisms that underlie the on-line processing of stereotypical information in other age groups have received very little attention. This is the first study to investigate real time processing of gender stereotypes at different age levels. We investigated the activation of gender stereotypes in Italian in four groups of participants: third- and fifth-graders, young and older adults. Participants heard a noun that was stereotypically associated with masculine (preside "headmaster") or feminine roles (badante "social care worker"), followed by a male (padre "father") or female kinship term (madre "mother"). The task was to decide if the two words - the role noun and the kinship term - could describe the same person. Across all age groups, participants were significantly faster to respond, and significantly more likely to press 'yes,' when the gender of the target was congruent with the stereotypical gender use of the preceding prime. These findings suggest that information about the stereotypical gender associated with a role noun is incorporated into the mental representation of this word and is activated as soon as the word is heard. In addition, our results show differences between male and female participants of the various age groups, and between male- and female-oriented stereotypes, pointing to important gender asymmetries.

scholarly journals Gender stereotypes across the ages: On-line processing in school-age children, young and older adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Siyanova ◽  
Paul Warren ◽  
F Pesciarelli ◽  
C Cacciari
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Real Time Processing ◽  
Kinship Term ◽  
On Line ◽  
Care Worker

© 2015 Siyanova-Chanturia, Warren, Pesciarelli and Cacciari. Most research to date on implicit gender stereotyping has been conducted with one age group - young adults. The mechanisms that underlie the on-line processing of stereotypical information in other age groups have received very little attention. This is the first study to investigate real time processing of gender stereotypes at different age levels. We investigated the activation of gender stereotypes in Italian in four groups of participants: third- and fifth-graders, young and older adults. Participants heard a noun that was stereotypically associated with masculine (preside "headmaster") or feminine roles (badante "social care worker"), followed by a male (padre "father") or female kinship term (madre "mother"). The task was to decide if the two words - the role noun and the kinship term - could describe the same person. Across all age groups, participants were significantly faster to respond, and significantly more likely to press 'yes,' when the gender of the target was congruent with the stereotypical gender use of the preceding prime. These findings suggest that information about the stereotypical gender associated with a role noun is incorporated into the mental representation of this word and is activated as soon as the word is heard. In addition, our results show differences between male and female participants of the various age groups, and between male- and female-oriented stereotypes, pointing to important gender asymmetries.

scholarly journals Gender biases in impressions from faces: Empirical studies and computational models

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
DongWon Oh ◽  
Ron Dotsch ◽  
Jenny Porter ◽  
Alexander Todorov
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Facial Information ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
High Level ◽  
Data Driven Modeling

Trustworthiness and dominance impressions summarize trait judgments from faces. Judgments on these key traits are negatively correlated to each other in impressions of female faces, implying less differentiated impressions of female faces. Here we test whether this is true across many trait judgments and whether less differentiated impressions of female faces originate in different facial information used for male and female impressions or different evaluation of the same information. Using multidimensional rating datasets and data-driven modeling, we show that (1) impressions of women are less differentiated and more valence-laden than impressions of men, and find that (2) these impressions are based on similar visual information across face genders. Female face impressions were more highly intercorrelated and were better explained by valence (Study 1). These intercorrelations were higher when raters more strongly endorsed gender stereotypes. Despite the gender difference, male and female impression models – derived from separate trustworthiness and dominance ratings of male and female faces – were similar to each other (Study 2). Further, both male and female models could manipulate impressions of faces of both genders (Study 3). The results highlight the high-level, evaluative effect of face gender in impression formation – women are judged negatively to the extent their looks do not conform to expectations, not because people use different facial information across genders, but because people evaluate the information differently across genders.

scholarly journals Presuppositions are Fast, whether Hard or Soft - Evidence from the visual world

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Linguistic Meaning ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
Rapid Processing

One focus of work on the processing of linguistic meaning has been the relative processing speed of different aspects of meaning. While much early work has focused on implicatures in comparison to literal asserted content (e.g., Bott & Noveck 2004, Huang & Snedeker 2009, among many others), the present paper extends recent efforts to experimentally investigate another aspect of meaning, namely presuppositions. It investigates the triggers again and stop using the visual world eye tracking paradigm, and provides evidence for rapid processing of presupposed content. Our study finds no difference in timing for the two triggers, which is of theoretical relevance given proposals for distinguishing classes of triggers, such as hard vs. soft (Abusch 2010). Whatever differences between these there may be are apparently not affecting the online processing time course. As a further comparison, again was also compared to twice, which expresses essentially the same meaning without a presupposition. Shifts in eye movements for these two cases also appear to be entirely on par, further supporting the notion that presupposed and asserted content are available in parallel early on in online processing.

scholarly journals The electrophysiological underpinnings of processing gender stereotypes in language

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Siyanova ◽  
F Pesciarelli ◽  
C Cacciari
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Stereotypes ◽  
Third Person ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Brain

Despite the widely documented influence of gender stereotypes on social behaviour, little is known about the electrophysiological substrates engaged in the processing of such information when conveyed by language. Using event-related brain potentials (ERPs), we examined the brain response to third-person pronouns (lei "she" and lui "he") that were implicitly primed by definitional (passeggeraFEM "passenger", pensionatoMASC "pensioner"), or stereotypical antecedents (insegnante "teacher", conducente "driver"). An N400-like effect on the pronoun emerged when it was preceded by a definitionally incongruent prime (passeggeraFEM - lui; pensionatoMASC - lei), and a stereotypically incongruent prime for masculine pronouns only (insegnante - lui). In addition, a P300-like effect was found when the pronoun was preceded by definitionally incongruent primes. However, this effect was observed for female, but not male participants. Overall, these results provide further evidence for on-line effects of stereotypical gender in language comprehension. Importantly, our results also suggest a gender stereotype asymmetry in that male and female stereotypes affected the processing of pronouns differently. © 2012 Siyanova-Chanturia et al.

Macho Nachos

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 182-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke (Lei) Zhu ◽  
Victoria L. Brescoll ◽  
George E. Newman ◽  
Eric Luis Uhlmann
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
Psychological Reactance ◽  
Unhealthy Food ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Gender Schema ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Schema Congruity

Abstract. The present studies examine how culturally held stereotypes about gender (that women eat more healthfully than men) implicitly influence food preferences. In Study 1, priming masculinity led both male and female participants to prefer unhealthy foods, while priming femininity led both male and female participants to prefer healthy foods. Study 2 extended these effects to gendered food packaging. When the packaging and healthiness of the food were gender schema congruent (i.e., feminine packaging for a healthy food, masculine packaging for an unhealthy food) both male and female participants rated the product as more attractive, said that they would be more likely to purchase it, and even rated it as tasting better compared to when the product was stereotype incongruent. In Study 3, packaging that explicitly appealed to gender stereotypes (“The muffin for real men”) reversed the schema congruity effect, but only among participants who scored high in psychological reactance.

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