Early Pleistocene River Terraces of the Gediz River, Turkey: The role of faulting, fracturing, volcanism and travertines in their genesis

The essential role of Critical Elements (CE) in 21st century economy has led to an increasing demand of these metals and promotes the exploration of non-conventional deposits such as weathering profiles. The present work is focused on the study of a weathering profile located at the Archaeological Park of the Gavà Neolithic Mines, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. In the Gavà deposit, acid and oxidising meteoric fluids generated intense weathering during the early Pleistocene, affecting series of Llandoverian black shales and associated syn-sedimentary phosphates. The circulation of these acid fluids at deeper levels of the profile generated supergene vein-like mineralisations comprised of secondary phosphates (e.g., variscite, perhamite, crandallite, phosphosiderite) and sulphates (e.g., jarosite, alunite). This supergene mineralisation is significantly enriched in certain CE (e.g., Ga, Sc, REE, In, Co and Sb) that were mobilised from host rock components and later hosted in the crystal lattice of supergene minerals. Weathering processes and corresponding supergene enrichment of CE at the Gavà deposit could be used as an example to determine exploration guidelines of CE in weathering profiles and associated supergene phosphates worldwide.

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SPECIES DIVERSITY AND SPECIATION IN THE ENDEMIC AMPHIPODS OF LAKE BAIKAL: MOLECULAR EVIDENCE

Crustaceana ◽

10.1163/156854099503843 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 72 (8) ◽

pp. 945-956 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Ravil Kamaltynov ◽

Risto Vainola

Keyword(s):

Lake Baikal ◽

Sibling Species ◽

Time Frame ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Early Pleistocene ◽

Molecular Evidence ◽

Baikalian Amphipod ◽

Previously Treated ◽

Cool Climate

AbstractThe amphipod diversity in the Siberian Lake Baikal is unique, with some 260 endemic species and 80 additional subspecies recognized so far. Three general patterns of differentiation in molecular data, however, suggest that this is still a gross underestimate of the actual number of species. Firstly, allozyme analyses regularly indicate a species-level distinction for taxa previously treated as subspecies (here corroborated for Micruropus talitroides / eurypus, M. wahlii / platycercus and Eulimnogammarus verrucosus / oligacanthus). Secondly, so far unrecognized (sibling) species are detected even sympatrically (e.g., in both the Micruropus complexes above). Thirdly, 'conspecific' samples from different parts of the lake, of several Pallasea spp., regularly show diagnostic allozyme differences suggesting presence of vicariant sibling species in the main geological subdivisions of the basin. Extrapolating the observations to the whole of the Baikalian amphipod fauna, a reasonable projection for the total number may be close to a thousand species. Molecular data suggest that the conventional Baikalian lineages are remarkably old, whereas the vicariant new taxa may have arisen recently in the (early) Pleistocene. These dual levels of diversity are paradoxical in view of the lake's history and the forces supposed to underlie the diversification and speciation processes. The well defined and specialized forms originated in times when the climate and environments were grossly different from the present: not as a response to the present kind of environments. On the other hand, the divergence that has arisen within the time frame of the environmentally modern Lake Baikal (a single basin and cool climate, < 2-3 Myr) appears to be related to geography rather than to adaptive features of morphology and ecology. The patterns prompt a reconsideration of the role of geographical isolation in recent speciation within Lake Baikal. La diversite des amphipodes du lac Baikal est unique, avec quelque 260 especes endemiques et 80 sous-especes supplementaires reconnues jusqu'a present. Cependant, trois schemas generaux de differenciation provenant des donnees moleculaires, suggerent que ceci est encore une sousestimation flagrante du nombre des especes actuelles. Premierement, les analyses d'alloenzymes indiquent regulierement une separation de niveau specifique pour des taxa auparavant traites comme des sous-especes (ici confirme pour Micruropus talitroides eurypus, M. wahlii platycercus et Eulimnogammarus verrucosus oligacanthus). Deuxiemement, des especes (jumelles) non reconnues jusqu'ici sont detectees meme sympatriquement (par exemple, dans les deux complexes de Micruropus ci-dessus). Troisiemement, des echantillons ''conspecifiques'' de differentes regions du lac, de plusieurs Pallasea spp., montrent regulierement des differences diagnostiques d'alloenzymes suggerant la presence d'especes jumelles vicariantes dans les principales subdivisions g eologiques du bassin. En extrapolant les observations a l'ensemble de la faune d'amphipodes du Baikal, une projection raisonnable du nombre total peut etre proche d'un millier d'especes. Les donnees moleculaires suggerent que les lignees ''baikaliennes'' conventionnelles sont remarquablement anciennes, tandis que les nouveaux taxa vicariants peuvent avoir apparu recemment au Pleistocene. Ces niveaux de diversite doubles sont paradoxaux par rapport a l'histoire du lac et aux forces supposees sous-tendre les processus de diversification et de sp eciation. Les formes bien definies et specialisees sont apparues en des temps ou le climat et les environnements etaient tres differents de ceux du present: non comme une reponse au type actuel d'environnement. D'autre part, la divergence survenue au cours de la periode environnementale moderne du lac Baikal (un bassin unique et un climat frais, < 2-3 millions d'annees) semble en relation avec la geographie plutot qu'a des caracteres adaptatifs de morphologie et d'ecologie. Les modeles incitent a reconsideration du role de l'isolement geographique dans la speciation recente dans le lac Baikal.

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La Désirade island (Guadeloupe, French West Indies): a key target for deciphering the role of reactivated tectonic structures in Lesser Antilles arc building

BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin ◽

10.2113/gssgfbull.184.1-2.21 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 184 (1-2) ◽

pp. 21-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jean-Marc Lardeaux ◽

Philippe Münch ◽

Michel Corsini ◽

Jean-Jacques Cornée ◽

Chrystèle Verati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Late Pleistocene ◽

Late Cretaceous ◽

West Indies ◽

Early Pleistocene ◽

Lesser Antilles ◽

Tectonic Structures ◽

Vertical Movements ◽

Late Pliocene ◽

Lesser Antilles Arc

Abstract In this paper we present and discuss new investigations performed on both the magmatic basement and the sedimentary formations of La Désirade. We report structural and sedimentary evidences for several episodes of deformation and displacement occurring prior to the present day tectonics. The main faults, respectively N130 ± 10°, N040 ± 10° and N090 ± 10°, previously considered as marker of the current tectonic regime corresponds to reactivated tectonic structures developed first during late Cretaceous compression and second during Pliocene to early Pleistocene extension. We demonstrate also the importance of late Pliocene-early Pleistocene and middle-late Pleistocene vertical movements in this part of the Lesser Antilles fore-arc as well as the role of compressive tectonics in the over thickened character of the arc basement in the Guadeloupe archipelago.

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Limestone percussion tools from the late Early Pleistocene sites of Barranco León and Fuente Nueva 3 (Orce, Spain)

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2014.0352 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 370 (1682) ◽

pp. 20140352 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Deborah Barsky ◽

Josep-María Vergès ◽

Robert Sala ◽

Leticia Menéndez ◽

Isidro Toro-Moyano

Keyword(s):

Comparative Research ◽

Qualitative Data ◽

Early Pleistocene ◽

Experimental Program ◽

Lithic Assemblages ◽

Light Duty ◽

Wide Range ◽

Lower Pleistocene ◽

Percussive Technology

In recent years, there is growing interest in the study of percussion scars and breakage patterns on hammerstones, cores and tools from Oldowan African and Eurasian lithic assemblages. Oldowan stone toolkits generally contain abundant small-sized flakes and their corresponding cores, and are characterized by their structural dichotomy of heavy- and light-duty tools. This paper explores the significance of the lesser known heavy-duty tool component, providing data from the late Lower Pleistocene sites of Barranco León and Fuente Nueva 3 (Orce, Spain), dated 1.4–1.2 Myr. Using quantitative and qualitative data from the large-sized limestone industries from these two major sites, we present a new methodology highlighting their morpho-technological features. In the light of the results, we discuss the shortfalls of extant classificatory methods for interpreting the role of percussive technology in early toolkits. This work is rooted in an experimental program designed to reproduce the wide range of percussion marks observed on the limestone artefacts from these two sites. A visual and descriptive reference is provided as an interpretative aid for future comparative research. Further experiments using a variety of materials and gestures are still needed before the elusive traces yield the secrets of the kinds of percussive activities carried out by hominins at these, and other, Oldowan sites.

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The Early Pleistocene development of the Gediz River, Western Turkey: An uplift-driven, climate-controlled system?

Quaternary International ◽

10.1016/j.quaint.2007.08.045 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 189 (1) ◽

pp. 115-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Darrel Maddy ◽

Tuncer Demir ◽

David R. Bridgland ◽

Antonie Veldkamp ◽

Chris Stemerdink ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Pleistocene ◽

Western Turkey ◽

Controlled System ◽

Gediz River

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Quaternary terraces of the Želivka River

Geografie ◽

10.37040/geografie2010115020113 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 115 (2) ◽

pp. 113-130

Author(s):

Břetislav Balatka ◽

Jan Kalvoda

Keyword(s):

Late Pleistocene ◽

Bohemian Massif ◽

Early Pleistocene ◽

Fluvial Sediments ◽

Entire System ◽

River Terraces ◽

Genetic Interpretation ◽

Neogene Sediments ◽

Middle And Late Pleistocene ◽

Geomorphological Analysis

This article presents the results of a geomorphological analysis of localities of Quaternary river terraces along the Želivka River and its historical-genetic interpretation in light of the formation of the Sázava terrace system. In addition, the morphogenetic characteristics of the Želivka Valley are presented and the fluvial sediments and terrace system of its river are described, including a chronostratigraphic correlation with other river terraces of the Bohemian Massif. Situational data concerning the Neogene sediments and Quarternary terraces of the Želivka River, including correlation with the Sázava River’s terrace system, are presented in Table 1. In accordance with current Quaternary stratigraphic classification, the entire system of terraces along both the Želivka and Sázava Rivers corresponds mainly with the Middle and Late Pleistocene, since the Cromerian Complex up to the Weichsel periods. The erosion phase previous to the accumulation of the first terrace in the Želivka and Sázava valleys belongs to the end of the Early Pleistocene. Older levels of fluvial sediments in the studied area, which are situated in a higher morphological position and which had previously been classified as Pliocene, have, therefore, been stratigraphically shifted into the Early Pleistocene.

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Extirpations and extinctions: a plant microfossil-based history of the demise of rainforest and wet sclerophyll communities in the Lake George basin, Southern Tablelands of NSW, south-east Australia

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt19076 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 208 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mike Macphail ◽

Brad Pillans ◽

Geoff Hope ◽

Dan Clark

Keyword(s):

Water Levels ◽

Early Pleistocene ◽

Middle Pleistocene ◽

Temperate Rainforest ◽

Late Pliocene ◽

Eastern Australia ◽

History Of ◽

Lake George ◽

Plant Microfossil

Sites recording the extinction or extirpation of tropical–subtropical and cool–cold temperate rainforest genera during the Plio–Pleistocene aridification of Australia are scattered across the continent, with most preserving only partial records from either the Pliocene or Pleistocene. The highland Lake George basin is unique in accumulating sediment over c. 4 Ma although interpretation of the plant microfossil record is complicated by its size (950km2), neotectonic activity and fluctuating water levels. A comparison of this and other sites confirms (1) the extinction of rainforest at Lake George was part of the retreat of Nothofagus-gymnosperm communities across Australia during the Plio–Pleistocene; (2) communities of warm- and cool-adapted rainforest genera growing under moderately warm-wet conditions in the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene have no modern analogues; (3) the final extirpation of rainforest taxa at Lake George occurred during the Middle Pleistocene; and (4) the role of local wildfires is unresolved although topography, and, elsewhere, possibly edaphic factors allowed temperate rainforest genera to persist long after these taxa became extinct or extirpated at low elevations across much of eastern Australia. Araucaria, which is now restricted to the subtropics–tropics in Australia, appears to have survived into Middle Pleistocene time at Lake George, although the reason remains unclear.

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Volcanic disruption and drainage diversion of the palaeo-Hudut River, a tributary of the Early Pleistocene Gediz River, Western Turkey

Geomorphology ◽

10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.12.032 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 165-166 ◽

pp. 62-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

D. Maddy ◽

A. Veldkamp ◽

A.G. Jongmans ◽

I. Candy ◽

T. Demir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Pleistocene ◽

Western Turkey ◽

Gediz River

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The use of fluvial archives in reconstructing landscape evolution: the value of sedimentary and morphostratigraphical evidence

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences – Geologie en Mijnbouw ◽

10.1017/s0016774600000536 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 91 (1-2) ◽

pp. 5-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

D.R. Bridgland ◽

R. Westaway

Keyword(s):

Landscape Evolution ◽

Evidence Based ◽

River Terrace ◽

The Past ◽

River Terraces ◽

Fluvial Archives ◽

Local Geology ◽

River Valleys ◽

Climate Fluctuation

AbstractEvidence-based interpretations of fluvial evolution, and especially of river-terrace formation, have advanced significantly in recent decades, with a notable contribution made by activities of the Fluvial Archives Group. Well-dated river-terrace sequences provide frameworks for the understanding of landscape evolution, since they record valley-floor levels that were higher in the past, attributable, from their patterns of occurrence, to regional uplift. The role of climate fluctuation during the Quaternary is also paramount, since this has been an important driver of the varied fluvial activity that has given rise to the staircases of terraces that characterise the temperate latitudes. This approach is contrasted with a more theoretical methodology for using rivers as recorders of landscape evolution, again with an emphasis on uplift, based on the concept of the formation of knickpoints at particular base levels and their migration upstream. Although different timescales can be explored by the two methods, the concept of headward-migrating knickpoints implies a mechanism for incision that is difficult to reconcile with the formation of the broadly parallel river terraces that are observed in many systems. Knickpoints can frequently be observed to coincide with gorge reaches, where river valleys are constricted as a result of resistant bedrock and/or the effects of localised active crustal deformation. This raises the possibility that knickpoints have generally formed in response to factors of local geology rather than migrating from downstream.

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