Expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the tumor microenvironment and in tumor-draining lymph nodes of breast cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Ye ◽  
Chenglong Wang ◽  
Jie Xian ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Yijia Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase ◽  
Cell Death Protein ◽  
Draining Lymph Nodes

Moderne Aspekte der Immuntherapie mit Checkpoint-Inhibitoren bei Melanom

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-101
Author(s):  
Vera Petrova ◽  
Ihor Arkhypov ◽  
Rebekka Weber ◽  
Christopher  Groth ◽  
Peter Altevogt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Zielgerichtete Therapien ◽  
Cell Death Protein

Das Melanom gehört zu den am stärksten immunogenen Tumoren. Dennoch ist es in der Lage, sich einer antitumoralen Immunantwort zu entziehen, indem es Toleranzmechanismen, einschließlich negativer Immuncheckpoint-Moleküle, nutzt. Die am umfassendsten untersuchten Immuncheckpoints sind CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4) und PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1). Immuncheckpoint-Inhibitoren (ICI), die in den vergangenen 10 Jahren häufig zur Behandlung von Melanomen eingesetzt wurden, können antitumorale Immunreaktionen auslösen und eine Rückbildung des Melanoms bewirken. Patienten, die auf die ICI-Behandlung ansprachen, erreichten eine langanhaltende Remission oder einen Zustand der Krankheitskontrolle. Eine große Gruppe von Patienten sprach dagegen nicht auf diese Therapie an, was darauf hindeutet, dass es zu einer Entwicklung von Resistenzmechanismen kommt, darunter intrinsische Eigenschaften des Tumors, Funktionsstörungen der Effektorzellen und die Entstehung eines immunsuppressiven Tumormikromilieus (tumor microenvironment, TME). In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit werden die Erfolge der ICI-Therapie bei Melanom, die Gründe für ein Therapieversagen und vielversprechende Ansätze zur Überwindung der Resistenz erörtert. Letztere umfassen die Kombination verschiedener ICI, Strategien zur Neutralisierung des immunsuppressiven Tumormikromilieus und die Kombination von ICI mit anderen antitumoralen Therapien wie Bestrahlung, onkolytische Viren oder zielgerichtete Therapien. Darüber hinaus werden neue therapeutische Ansätze, die gegen andere Immuncheckpoint-Moleküle gerichtet sind, ebenfalls besprochen.

scholarly journals The Impact of Immune Checkpoint-Inhibitors Therapy in Urinary Bladder Cancer

Onco ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-22
Author(s):  
Ana Lúcia Silva ◽  
Pedro Abreu-Mendes ◽  
Diana Martins ◽  
Fernando Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cells ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cell Death Protein

Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. From an early age, it was observed that chronic inflammation is associated with conditions favorable to the development of tumors, as well as the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, regulating tumor progression also interferes with the therapy’s response. The interaction between the tumor and the immune system led to the development of new immune therapies, the immune checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapy has shown a better safety profile, survival, and tolerance compared to standard chemotherapy. This therapy offers an effective alternative to patients who are ineligible for cisplatin and patients with advanced disease progression after platinum-based therapy. The first immunotherapy approved for BC was intravesical instillation with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin, for tumors at early stages. Later, immunotherapy focused on immune checkpoint inhibitors, namely, anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), anti-programmed cell death protein ligand 1(PD-L1), and anti-antigen 4 associated with cytotoxic T cells (CTLA-4). Currently, five immune checkpoint inhibitors for advanced BC are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Atezolizumab, Durvalumab, Avelumab, Pembrolizumab, and Nivolumab. This review addresses the correlation between inflammation, tumor microenvironment, and cancer; various studies regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors, either in monotherapy or in combination therapy, are also addressed.

scholarly journals Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: The Future of Immune Targeting

2016 ◽  
Vol 10s1 ◽  
pp. CMO.S34540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula García-Teijido ◽  
María Luque Cabal ◽  
Ignacio Peláez Fernández ◽  
Yolanda Fernández Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Triple Negative Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Cell Death Protein

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous tumor. There is increasing evidence of the role of tumor lymphocytic immune infiltrates in this subtype of breast cancer. Robust levels of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been associated with improved disease-free and overall survival rates in TNBC patients with and without any treatment. Recent efforts have been made to develop a standardized methodology for evaluating TILs. The presence of TILs in the breast tumor microenvironment can also predict responses not only to neoadjuvant but also to adjuvant chemotherapy treatments. High numbers of TILs correlate with increased pathological complete responses (pCR) in TNBC. TILs are prognostic and predictive of response to standard therapies; thus, the immune system appears to play an active role in a subgroup of breast cancer. There is an increasing interest in directly targeting the immune system as part of breast cancer therapy, mainly in patients with TNBC. New immune modulatory agents, including immune checkpoints inhibitors, have shown promising activity in a subgroup of metastatic TNBC. Increased programmed cell death protein 1 ligand (PD-L1) expression on the surface of TNBC provides the rationale for implementing therapeutic strategies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in TNBC. The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor pembrolizumab, and the PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab have shown promising results in clinical trials.

IMMUNE CHECKPOINT BLOCKADE IN BREAST CANCER THERAPY

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
I. A. Hromakova ◽  
P. P. Sorochan ◽  
N. E. Prokhach ◽  
I. N. Ponamarov ◽  
I. S. Hromakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Immune Therapy ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Cancer Information ◽  
Cell Death Protein

Despite advances in early detection and treatment, breast cancer remains the deadliest oncopathology for women worldwide. Today there is an urgent need for new approaches to this disease treatment. Recently, immune therapy, especially inhibitors of immune checkpoints, has taken the lead when fighting against cancer. Blocking immune checkpoints is an effective approach to enhance the effector T cell function. Immune checkpoint blockers, namely inhibitors of cytotoxic T−lymphocyte−associated antigen 4 (CTLA−4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD−1) and ligand 1 of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD−L1) are approved by the US Food and Drug Association (FDA) to be used in various solid tumors, refractory cancers with microsatellite instability, classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. In March 2019, the first inhibitor for the treatment of breast cancer was approved, i.e. atezolizumab (anti−PD−L1) in combination with nab−paclitaxel in the patients with metastatic triple−negative breast cancer, which aroused the interest of experts in the study of immunotherapeutic agents for the treatment of these patients. The review presents the results of using the inhibitors of immune control points in monotherapy and in combination with standard methods of antitumor treatment (chemotherapy and radiotherapy, targeted therapy) in patients with breast cancer. Information on potential biomarkers of response to immunotherapy in breast cancer is presented. Key words: breast cancer, checkpoint inhibitors, biomarkers of response.

scholarly journals Immune checkpoints: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and programmed cell death protein 1 in breast cancer surgery

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1079-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
AGNIESZKA KOLACINSKA ◽  
BARBARA CEBULA-OBRZUT ◽  
LUKASZ PAKULA ◽  
JUSTYNA CHALUBINSKA-FENDLER ◽  
ALINA MORAWIEC-SZTANDERA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Cancer Surgery ◽  
Breast Cancer Surgery ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Lymphocyte Antigen ◽  
Cell Death Protein

scholarly journals Research Progresses in Immunological Checkpoint Inhibitors for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxiang Zhang ◽  
Xiangyi Kong ◽  
Bolun Ai ◽  
Zhongzhao Wang ◽  
Xiangyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Tumor Immune Escape ◽  
Cell Death Protein

Tumor immune escape refers to the phenomenon in which tumor cells escape the recognition and attack of the body’s immune system through various mechanisms so that they can survive and proliferate in vivo. The imbalance of immune checkpoint protein expression is the primary mechanism for breast cancer to achieve immune escape. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death protein-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are critical immune checkpoints for breast cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors block the checkpoint and relieve its inhibition effect on immune cells, reactivate T-cells and destroy cancer cells and restore the body’s ability to resist tumors. At present, immunological checkpoint inhibitors have made significant progress in breast cancer immunotherapy, and it is expected to become a new treatment for breast cancer.

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