Assessment and determination of earthquake casualty gathering area based on building damage state and spatial characteristics analysis

The aim of the work is to determine the spatial characteristics of the distribution of the burnt areas of natural zonal landscapes of the Volgograd region with different duration of pyro-factor successions, taking into account the frequency of fires. Based on the previously developed thematic geo-information layers of the steppe fires in the region using overlay operations, the duration of post-pyrogenic periods in the municipal districts of the region was determined, taking into account the total number of fires from 1998–2018. The largest areas covered by fire have a succession duration of 2–3 years and 12–14 years at the beginning of 2019, which corresponds to the fires of 2016–2017 and 2005–2007, respectively. Large areas after the fires of 2001–2002 are located in Ilovlinsky, Kletsky, Pallasovsky and Surovikinsky districts. The largest area of land covered by fire in 2004–2006 is located in the Danilovsky, Ilovlinsky, Olkhovsky and Pallas districts. In our opinion, landscapes affected by fire no more than 5–7 years ago are suitable for the analysis of pyrogenic shifts. These territories are located in Frolovsky, Chernyshkovsky, Kotovsky, Ilovlinsky, Pallasovsky, Leninsky, Kamyshinsky, Staropoltavsky districts. The results will serve as the basis for field studies and the analysis of the spectral characteristics of overgrowing burns from remote sensing materials.

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Hindcasting Loss and Evaluating Implications of Track Location for the 2011 Joplin, Missouri Tornado

ASCE-ASME J Risk and Uncert in Engrg Sys Part B Mech Engrg ◽

10.1115/1.4046326 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Stephanie F. Pilkington ◽

Hussam Mahmoud ◽

John W. van de Lindt ◽

Maria Koliou ◽

Steve Smith

Keyword(s):

Emergency Management ◽

Local Community ◽

Building Damage ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Historical Events ◽

Damage State ◽

Wind Event ◽

Wind Events ◽

Gathering Data ◽

Joplin Tornado

Abstract The direct physical loss from a tornado is one possible factor in considering resilience goals for a community. Estimating such loss has historically been achieved either through analysis of empirical data from historical events meant to then match future hypothetical events or through a cost analysis based on a building's damage state. These approaches provide a solid baseline for estimating loss from wind events; however, gathering data from historical events may assume all locations are the same, while analyses based solely on the building damage state may not include a building's contents. This study builds on work previously established in determining loss from building damage state fragilities, by including a loss to the building's interior (including contents) based on Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA's) HAZUS equations. The approach laid out in this paper is then validated, showing what is deemed an acceptable level of accuracy, using the May 22, 2011 Joplin tornado that devastated the local community. Once validated, the same tornado path is relocated in different directions, ultimately crossing most of city of Joplin in four additional hypothetical scenarios. The results of both hindcasting the 2011 Joplin tornado and its hypothetical track variations show commercial (nonresidential) type buildings as key in contributing to the direct physical loss of a wind event. Ultimately, this provides decision makers with a point of consideration when evaluating their community's resilience goals.

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THE MAINTENANCE OF A STANDARD OF ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE: NOTES ON STANDARD WESTON CELLS

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr30-074 ◽

1930 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

pp. 473-489

Author(s):

A. Norman Shaw ◽

H. E. Reilley

Keyword(s):

Electromotive Force ◽

Essential Feature ◽

Mean Deviation ◽

Entire Group ◽

Standard Cells ◽

Characteristics Analysis ◽

A Cell ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference

A detailed procedure for the maintenance of a standard of voltage to within one or two parts in a million is described.In so far as these investigations have proceeded, neutral saturated cells have been found to be superior to acid cells as independent standards for a period of many years, though the latter are preferable for purposes of ordinary precision or shorter periods. The recommended code of procedure is briefly as follows: a number of cells should be constructed according to standard specifications with the new requirements of uniformity of container and speed of preparation, and observations made upon them every few days for a period of three months. The differences in electromotive force (at constant temperature) should be determined between each cell in the group and any one of them chosen arbitrarily as reference cell, and certain new selection and rejection rules applied. In accordance with these rules a cell should be rejected: (a) if its deviation from the mean electromotive force of the group has increased or decreased by 10 microvolts or more during the preceding two weeks; or (b) if it differs in electromotive force from the mean of the group by more than 10 +d microvolts where d is the mean deviation of the cells of the group. If d exceeds 20 microvolts the entire group should be considered untrustworthy. The selected cells should be observed for three additional months, the rejection rules again applied and if a specified proportion survive elimination, the initial reference mean of the laboratory may be established.At intervals of several months additional groups of cells, neutral and acid, should be constructed and exchanges made with laboratories possessing cells of known characteristics. Analysis of the resulting observations determines: (a) the constants in the aging* equation for the reference batch, and (b) the difference between the initial reference mean of the laboratory and the estimated value of the international reference mean.Examples of the analysis of cell observations are given, illustrating the establishment of the initial reference mean, the recapture of this value when the aging coefficients are known, and the preliminary determination of the aging equation for a given group of cells. The use of the aging equation is found to be the essential feature in the attainment of increased precision.A summary of data on standard cells is included.

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Temporal-spatial characteristics analysis of e-hailing and taxi based on multi-source data

10.1117/12.2620042 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yanran Hu

Keyword(s):

Spatial Characteristics ◽

Source Data ◽

Characteristics Analysis

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Quantitative assessment and spatial characteristics analysis of agricultural drought vulnerability in China

Natural Hazards ◽

10.1007/s11069-010-9591-9 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 785-801 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Jianjun Wu ◽

Bin He ◽

Aifeng Lü ◽

Lei Zhou ◽

Ming Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Assessment ◽

Agricultural Drought ◽

Drought Vulnerability ◽

Spatial Characteristics ◽

Characteristics Analysis

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Leading Indicators of Failure for Prognostication of Leaded and Lead-Free Electronics in Harsh Environments

Advances in Electronic Packaging, Parts A, B, and C ◽

10.1115/ipack2005-73426 ◽

2005 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Pradeep Lall ◽

Nokibul Islam ◽

Prakriti Choudhary ◽

Jeff Suhling

Keyword(s):

Residual Life ◽

Prognostic Indicators ◽

Leading Indicators ◽

Damage State ◽

Solder Interconnects ◽

Damage Progression ◽

Plastic Ball ◽

Phase Size ◽

Electronic Assemblies

In this paper, a methodology for prognostication-of-electronics has been developed for accurate assessment of residual life in a deployed electronic components, and determination of damage-state in absence of macro-indicators of failure. Proxies for leading indicators-of-failure have been identified and correlated with damage progression under thermomechanical loads. Examples of proxies include — microstructural evolution characterized by average phase size and intermetallic growth rate in solder interconnects. Validity of damage proxies has been investigated for both 63Sn37Pb leaded and SnAgCu leadfree electronics. Structures examined include — plastic ball grid array format electronic and MEMS Packages and discrete devices assembled with FR4-06 laminates. Focus of the research presented in this paper is on interrogation of the aged material’s damage state and enhancing the understanding of damage progression. The research is aimed at development of damage relationships for determination of residual life of aged electronics and assessment of design margins instead of life prediction of new components. The prognostic indicators presented in this paper, can be used for health monitoring of electronic assemblies.

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