Hindcasting Loss and Evaluating Implications of Track Location for the 2011 Joplin, Missouri Tornado

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie F. Pilkington ◽  
Hussam Mahmoud ◽  
John W. van de Lindt ◽  
Maria Koliou ◽  
Steve Smith
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Management ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Damage State ◽  
Wind Event ◽  
Wind Events ◽  
Gathering Data ◽  
Joplin Tornado

Abstract The direct physical loss from a tornado is one possible factor in considering resilience goals for a community. Estimating such loss has historically been achieved either through analysis of empirical data from historical events meant to then match future hypothetical events or through a cost analysis based on a building's damage state. These approaches provide a solid baseline for estimating loss from wind events; however, gathering data from historical events may assume all locations are the same, while analyses based solely on the building damage state may not include a building's contents. This study builds on work previously established in determining loss from building damage state fragilities, by including a loss to the building's interior (including contents) based on Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA's) HAZUS equations. The approach laid out in this paper is then validated, showing what is deemed an acceptable level of accuracy, using the May 22, 2011 Joplin tornado that devastated the local community. Once validated, the same tornado path is relocated in different directions, ultimately crossing most of city of Joplin in four additional hypothetical scenarios. The results of both hindcasting the 2011 Joplin tornado and its hypothetical track variations show commercial (nonresidential) type buildings as key in contributing to the direct physical loss of a wind event. Ultimately, this provides decision makers with a point of consideration when evaluating their community's resilience goals.

Information fusion to automatically classify post-event building damage state

2022 ◽  
Vol 253 ◽  
pp. 113765
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Liu ◽  
Lissette Iturburu ◽  
Shirley J. Dyke ◽  
Ali Lenjani ◽  
Julio Ramirez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Fusion ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Damage State

scholarly journals Western Iberian winter wind indices based on significant wind events

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Mason ◽  
A. M. P. Santos ◽  
Á J. Peliz
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Hybrid Index ◽  
Easterly Wind ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wind Event ◽  
Wind Events ◽  
Environmental Prediction ◽  
Offshore Transport

Abstract. Wind speed data obtained from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis project are used to construct winter (November–March) wind indices for the western Iberian Peninsula. The data used represent a 2.5&deg square area, centred at 41.0&deg N, 9.4&deg W, over the period 1948-2003. The NCEP data are well correlated with a time-series (1980–2001) of wind measurements from the Cape Carvoeiro lighthouse on the western Portuguese coast (39.4&deg N, 9.4&deg W). The new indices, of which there are four corresponding to northerlies, easterlies, southerlies and westerlies, constitute measures of numbers of significant wind event days, where a significant wind event is defined to be 4 or more consecutive days of wind speeds exceeding 4 m s-1. Results show both intra- and inter-annual variations in the numbers of significant wind event days, as well as clear decadal trends. A comparison between a hybrid index, composed of the numbers of significant northerly and easterly wind event days - both promote offshore transport, which is thought to have a negative impact on pelagic fish recruitment - and western Iberian sardine catch data, reveal an extensive period of significant negative correlation. The relationship over the most recent period, ~1999–2000, is unclear.

scholarly journals Descripción de tecnología aplicada y uso de TIC para la gestión de riesgos de desastres: "Caso México" / Description of Applied Technology and Use of ICT for Management of Disaster Risks: "Mexico Case"

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
Gregoria Rosa Rodríguez Godínez
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Emergency Management ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Disaster Risk Management ◽  
Applied Technology ◽  
Technological Tools ◽  
And Control ◽  
Financial Losses

ABSTRACTDisasters cause problems where they occur, such as: human, economic, and financial losses, impacting society by not knowing what to do; The objective of this article is to propose the management of technological tools, the use of ICT platforms for disaster risk management in Mexico, to plan, organize, execute, direct and control, in a quick, valuable and concise manner, risk events to which the population is exposed and implement technological surveillance for its development, in emergency management entities, which enable decision makers to act in real time.RESUMENLos desastres causan problemas donde se presentan, como: pérdidas humanas, económicas, financieras, impactando la sociedad al no saber qué hacer; el objetivo del presente artículo es proponer la gestión de herramientas tecnológicas, el uso de plataformas TIC para la gestión de riesgos de desastres en México, para planear, organizar, ejecutar, dirigir y controlar, de manera rápida, valiosa y concisa, eventos de riesgo a los que está expuesta la población e implementar vigilancia tecnológica para su desarrollo, en las entidades de manejo de emergencias, que posibiliten a los tomadores de decisiones actuar en tiempo real.

scholarly journals Biological CO2 Uptake and Upwelling Regulate the Air-Sea CO2 Flux in the Changjiang Plume Under South Winds in Summer

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dewang Li ◽  
Xiaobo Ni ◽  
Kui Wang ◽  
Dingyong Zeng ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Biological Production ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Wind Event ◽  
Wind Events ◽  
Biogeochemical Parameters

The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in the sea and the air-sea CO2 flux in plume waters are subject to interactions among biological production, horizontal advection, and upwelling under wind events. In this study, time series of pCO2 and other biogeochemical parameters in the dynamic Changjiang plume were presented to illuminate the controlling factors of pCO2 and the air-sea CO2 flux after a strong south wind event (July 23–24, maximum of 11.2 ms–1). The surface pCO2 decreased by 310 μatm (to 184 μatm) from July 24 to 26. Low-pCO2 waters (<200 μatm) were observed in the following 2 days. Corresponding chlorophyll a and dissolved oxygen (DO) increase, and a significant relationship between DO and npCO2 indicated that biological uptake drove the pCO2 decrease. The salinity of undersaturated-CO2 waters decreased by 3.57 (from 25.03 to 21.46) within 2 days (July 27–28), suggesting the offshore advection of plume waters in which CO2 had been biologically reduced. Four days after the wind event, the upwelling of high-CO2 waters was observed, which increased the pCO2 by 428 μatm (up to 584 μatm) within 6 days. Eight days after the onset of upwelling, the surface pCO2 started to decrease (from 661 to 346 μatm within 3 days), which was probably associated with biological production. Regarding the air-sea CO2 flux, the carbon sink of the plume was enhanced as the low-pCO2 plume waters were pushed offshore under the south winds. In its initial stage, the subsequent upwelling made the surface waters act as a carbon source to the atmosphere. However, the surface waters became a carbon sink again after a week of upwelling. Such short-term air-sea carbon fluxes driven by wind have likely occurred in other dynamic coastal waters and have probably induced significant uncertainties in flux estimations.

scholarly journals A web-based decision support tool for groundwater remediation technologies selection

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olfa Khelifi ◽  
Andrea Lodolo ◽  
Sanja Vranes ◽  
Gabriele Centi ◽  
Stanislav Miertus
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Groundwater Remediation ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Problem Complexity ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Promethee Ii

Groundwater remediation operation involves several considerations in terms of environmental, technological and socio-economic aspects. A decision support tool (DST) becomes therefore necessary in order to manage problem complexity and to define effective groundwater remediation interventions. CCR (Credence Clearwater Revival), a decision support tool for groundwater remediation technologies assessment and selection, has been developed to help decision-makers (site owners, investors, local community representatives, environmentalists, regulators, etc.) to assess the available technologies and select the preferred remedial options. The analysis is based on technical, economical, environmental and social criteria. These criteria are ranked by all involved parties to determine their relative importance for a particular groundwater remediation project. The Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) is the core of the CCR using the PROMETHEE II algorithm.

scholarly journals Assessing the efficiency and the criticality of the elements belonging to a complex territorial system subject to natural hazards

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Minciardi ◽  
R. Sacile ◽  
E. Trasforini
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Management ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
External Stress ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Decision Problems ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Physical Vulnerability ◽  
Natural Risk ◽  
Service Demand

Abstract. The effects of natural hazards can be mitigated by the use of proper "pre-event" interventions on "key" elements of the territory, that is on elements that are mostly vulnerable to a given catastrophic scenario and whose loss of functionality can cause damages on people, property and environment. In this respect, methodologies and tools should be studied to support decision makers in the analysis of a territory, in order to point out such elements. In this work, vulnerability is taken into account under two aspects: "physical vulnerability", which measures the propensity of a territorial element to suffer damage when subject to an external stress corresponding to the occurrence of a natural phenomenon; "functional vulnerability", which measures the propensity of a territorial element to suffer loss in functionality, even when that is caused by the loss of functionality of other territorial elements. In the proposed modeling approach, vulnerability is represented through the use of a graph-based formalization. A territorial system is represented as a complex set of elements or sub-systems. Such elements have differentiated and dedicated functions, and they may be functionally interconnected among them. In addition, vulnerability is defined through the use of two different variables, namely the criticality and the efficiency. Focusing the attention on the temporal phases corresponding to the occurrence of a calamitous event, the first one measures the service demand of an element, whereas the efficiency is a measure of the service that can be offered by such an element. The approach presented is largely independent from the natural risk considered. Besides, the tools introduced for the vulnerability analysis of the territorial system can also be used to formalize decision problems relevant to the location of the available resources for emergency management. A specific case study pertaining to the hydrological risk in the Val di Vara area (Italy) is presented.

Aquatics Benchmarks: Personnel, Programming, and Facilities

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Annie C. Eakin ◽  
Terese M. Schurger
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
Job Responsibilities ◽  
Benchmark Data ◽  
Or Benchmarks ◽  
Gathering Data

Among professionals a need exists to compile benchmark data in all areas for the field of aquatics. To address this need, the questionnaire “Benchmarking Study for Campus Aquatic Programs” was created and distributed to NIRSA members. The questionnaire focuses on gathering data related to aquatic staff, facilities, and programs. Results indicate that the job responsibilities and certifications for hourly staff positions are similar across institutions. Pay rates for each hourly position are not unanimous for each position, but rather have a range that was common. Programming questions address available pool time and how it is divided among various activities. This article presents the collected data to establish benchmark statistics for the aquatics community with the intent that it be used as guidelines or benchmarks by aquatic professionals and decision makers in the development of recreational aquatics programs.

scholarly journals Atmospheric forcing of sea ice anomalies in the Ross Sea Polynya region

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan R. Dale ◽  
Adrian J. McDonald ◽  
Jack H.J. Coggins ◽  
Wolfgang Rack
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Sea Ice Concentration ◽  
Sea Ice Extent ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wind Event ◽  
Wind Events ◽  
Ice Production

Abstract. Despite warming trends in global temperatures, sea ice extent in the Southern Hemisphere has shown an increasing trend over recent decades. Wind-driven sea ice export from coastal polynyas is an important source of sea ice production. Areas of major polynyas in the Ross Sea, the region with largest increase in sea ice extent, have been suggested to produce a vast amount of the sea ice in the region. We investigate the impacts of strong wind events on the Ross Sea Polynyas and its sea ice concentration and possible consequences on sea ice production. We utilise Bootstrap sea ice concentration (SIC) measurements derived from satellite based, Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) brightness temperatures. We compared these with surface winds and temperatures from automatic weather stations (AWS) of the University of Wisconsin-Madison Antarctic Meteorology Program. Our analysis focusses on the austral winter period defined as 1st April to 1st November in this study. Daily data were used to classified into characteristic regimes based on the percentiles of wind speed. For each regime, a composite of SIC anomaly was formed for the Ross Sea region. We found that persistent weak winds near the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf are generally associated with positive SIC anomalies in the Ross Sea Polynya (RSP). Conversely we found negative SIC anomalies in this area during persistent strong winds. By analysing sea ice motion vectors derived from SSM/I and SSMIS brightness temperatures, we find significant sea ice motion anomalies throughout the Ross Sea during strong wind events. These anomalies persist for several days after the strong wind event. Strong, negative correlations are found between SIC and AWS wind speed within the RSP indicating that strong winds cause significant advection of sea ice in the region. We were able to recreate these correlations using co-located ERA-Interim wind speeds. However when only days of a certain percentile based wind speed classification were used, the cross correlation functions produced by ERA-Interim wind speeds differed significantly from those produced using AWS wind speeds. The rapid decrease in SIC during a strong wind event is followed by a more gradual recovery in SIC. This increase occurs on a more gradual time scale than the average persistence of a strong wind event and the resulting sea ice motion anomalies, highlighting the production of new sea ice through thermodynamic processes. In the vicinity of Ross Island, ERA-Interim underestimates wind speeds by a factor of 1.7, which results in a significant misrepresentation of the impact of winds on polynya processes.

Exploring the Rationale for Emergency Management Information Systems for Local Communities

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-37
Author(s):  
Niklas Hallberg ◽  
Jonas Hallberg ◽  
Helena Granlund ◽  
Rogier Woltjer
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Emergency Management ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Design Patterns ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Management Information Systems ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Management Information ◽  
Emergency Responders

Emergency responders at the local community level are the prime actors concerning emergency management. It has been claimed that information systems have considerable potential to support emergency management. However, development of such systems is demanding, due to the complexity of emergency management. The ability to be able to reveal the stakeholders' needs for support are essential for successful system developments. The objective of this paper is to explore the rationale for emergency management information systems at the local community level. This was accomplished by an extensive needs assessment based on 49 governing documents and 12 interviews with representatives for local as well as regional emergency response organizations. The analysis uncovered eleven areas where emergency management information systems could enhance the capability of local communities' to manage emergencies. The identified needs categories are proposed to constitute a foundation for design patterns for the development of emergency management information systems for local communities.

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