Relationships between bone mineral density and cell size in cervical smears, serum estradiol levels, and anthropometric characteristics

Abstract Background Data from the 2010–2012 Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey showed that the vast majority of postmenopausal women in China had dual deficiencies in calcium and estrogen. Objective This study aimed to clarify whether calcium supplementation alleviated bone loss caused by calcium restriction combined with estrogen deficiency in rats. Methods Forty-eight female rats aged 9 weeks were assigned to 4 groups and fed a low-calcium diet: sham-operated (SHAM-LC), ovariectomized (OVX-LC), and ovariectomized rats treated with 750 mg/kg (OVX-LC-M) or 2800 mg/kg CaCO3 (OVX-LC-H). CaCO3 or distilled water was administered orally for 13 weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) and histomorphometry of the femur, serum biochemical parameters, and serum metabolites were analyzed. Results The OVX-LC rats showed a significant increase in body weight and serum levels of lipid markers, a significant decrease in serum estradiol, calcium, phosphorus, and 25(OH)D levels, and deterioration of the femur. At 750 mg/kg and 2800 mg/kg, CaCO3 reduced the deterioration of trabecular bone and increased the trabecular area percentage (Tb.Ar %) and BMD of the femur. Serum estradiol levels increased in a dose-dependent manner after CaCO3 supplementation (p < 0.01). The administration of 2800 mg/kg CaCO3 decreased serum triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein levels (p < 0.05) and decreased the levels of the bone turnover markers osteocalcin, N-telopeptide of type I collagen and β-crosslaps. The results of the metabolomics analysis showed that the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway was closely related to calcium supplementation, and more DG (44:6 n3), LysoPC (22:2) and PE (P-34:3) and less Cer (d43:0) and PE-NMe2 (46:3) were produced. Conclusions The results clearly indicated that calcium supplementation was beneficial for decreasing bone loss in OVX-LC rats. The present study is the first to show that calcium supplementation increased the estradiol content in OVX-LC rats, and the effect of calcium on bone loss may be partially attributed to the increase in the estrogen level that subsequently induced the changes in metabolite levels, eventually increasing the bone mineral density to a relatively higher level to reduce bone deterioration.

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Estradiol Levels Predict Bone Mineral Density in Male Collegiate Athletes

10.1210/endo-meetings.2011.part1.p15.p1-343 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. P1-343-P1-343

Author(s):

Kathryn E Ackerman ◽

Gary S Skrinar ◽

Eva Medvedova ◽

Madhusmita Misra ◽

Karen K Miller

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Collegiate Athletes ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Estradiol Levels

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Plasma calcitonin, IGF-I levels and vertebral bone mineral density in hyperprolactinemic women during bromocriptine treatment

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.1280423 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 128 (5) ◽

pp. 423-427 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Ove Tørring ◽

Bengt Isberg ◽

Hans Erik Sjöberg ◽

Elisabet Bucht ◽

Anna Lena Hulting

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Serum Prolactin ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Cell Reactivity ◽

Igf I ◽

Before And After ◽

Basal Plasma ◽

Estradiol Levels

Hyperprolactinemia is associated with decreased bone mineral density, which may be caused by the hypogonadism and hypoestrogenicity noticed in patients with hyperprolactinemia. Since calcitonin inhibits the bone resorption, and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has important anabolic effects on the skeleton, lack of one or both peptides may contribute to the development of osteopenia. We therefore measured the plasma calcitonin and IGF-I levels in nine women with hyperprolactinemia caused by a prolactin-producing pituitary tumor. The calcium-stimulated C-cell reactivity was studied by measuring calcitonin in plasma during a calcium clamp before and after normalization of serum prolactin during treatment with bromocriptine. Basal CT levels were measurable but lower than in healthy controls. Basal IGF-I levels and calcium-stimulated plasma calcitonin were normal in the hyperprolactinemic state and similar to the calcitonin and IGF-I levels during bromocriptine treatment. The serum prolactin levels decreased (p<0·001) and the serum estradiol levels increased (p<0·001). The bone mineral density of the lumbar spine increased significantly during treatment. Thus, basal plasma CT levels are slightly reduced in hyperprolactinemic women. However, the reversible osteopenia in hyperprolactinemic women is less likely to be caused by inhibited IGF-I secretion or by deficient CT levels since the CT response to calcium is normal. In addition, bromocriptine treatment with normalization of prolactin levels is beneficial for the bone mineral content in this condition.

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Serum Estradiol Concentration as Measured by HPLC-RIA and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women during Hormone Replacement Therapy

Hormone Research in Paediatrics ◽

10.1159/000075523 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 117-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Toshiyuki Yasui ◽

Hirokazu Uemura ◽

Yuka Umino ◽

Masaya Takikawa ◽

Akira Kuwahara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽

Replacement Therapy ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Hormone Replacement ◽

Serum Estradiol ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Estradiol Concentration

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Relation of aromatase gene polymorphism and hormone replacement therapy to serum estradiol levels, bone mineral density, and fracture risk in early postmenopausal women*

Annals of Medicine ◽

10.1080/07853890310006370 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 282-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Timo Salmén ◽

Anna-Mari Heikkinen ◽

Anitta Mahonen ◽

Heikki Kröger ◽

Marja Komulainen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽

Gene Polymorphism ◽

Fracture Risk ◽

Replacement Therapy ◽

Hormone Replacement ◽

Serum Estradiol ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Early Postmenopausal Women ◽

Estradiol Levels

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Adiposity, estradiol, and genetic variants of steroid-metabolizing enzymes as determinants of bone mineral density

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje.1.02318 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 156 (1) ◽

pp. 117-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Maria T Zarrabeitia ◽

Jose L Hernandez ◽

Carmen Valero ◽

Ana Zarrabeitia ◽

Jose A Amado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Femoral Neck ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Complex Trait ◽

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Metabolizing Enzymes ◽

Major Factors ◽

Estradiol Levels

Objectives: Bone mineral density (BMD) is a complex trait resulting from the interplay of genetic and acquired factors. The objective of this study was to explore the influence of several anthropometric, lifestyle, genetic, and hormonal factors on BMD and analyze the possible differences in men and women. Methods: We studied 572 individuals over 50 years of age (381 postmenopausal women and 191 men). Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The free estrogen index (FEI) was calculated as the ratio of serum estradiol to sex hormone binding globulin in 241 individuals. Three polymorphisms in the genes coding for 17-hydroxylase/liase, sulfotransferase, and 5α-reductase were studied in DNA isolated from blood cells. Results: Body mass index was strongly correlated to spine and femoral BMD both in women and in men (r = 0.32–0.49; P < 0.001). FEI was also independently correlated with spine BMD in both sexes (r = 0.23 and 0.34, P < 0.01), and with femoral neck in women (r = 0.30). Women with G alleles of the sulfotransferase gene tended to have higher spine BMD than those with C alleles (P = 0.025). No other genotype-related differences in BMD were found. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results of this study point toward body weight and estradiol levels as major factors determining BMD both in women and in men. A common polymorphism of the sulfotransferase gene also appears to be associated to spine BMD in women.

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