Seasonality of drinking water sources and the impact of drinking water source on enteric infections among children in Limpopo, South Africa

ABSTRACT One of SDG's 2030 targets is that households have access to drinking water. The phenomenon is some of community use bottled water/refill as drinking water. The aim of this article are knowing household proportion with improve clean water source and water collecting time that use bottled water/refill drinking water, and relation of clean water source characteristics with using bottle/refill drinking water. Research design is cross sectional. Dependent variable is household drinking water sources type, independents are household clean water source characteristics, and travel time collecting water. Bivariate data analysis was carried out to analyze the relationship between the proportion of bottled / refilled water users by households with adequate water sources and households that use inappropriate water sources. The results showed that proportion of households with unimproved drinking water sources, unimproved clean water source and unimproved water collecting time are greater using bottled/refill drinking, each (7,6%) and (26,7%). There are statistic significances relation between household with unimproved drinking water source, unimproved travel time collecting water with using bottled/ relill drinking water (p = 0,000). Also found statistic significances between household with improved drinking water source, unimproved clean water source and unimproved travel time collecting water with using bottled/ relill drinking water (p = 0,000). Keywords: Bottled water, refill drinking water, improved water ABSTRAK Salah satu target SDG’s 2030 adalah rumah tangga memiliki akses terhadap air minum. Sebagian masyarakat menggunakan air minum kemasan/ isi ulang sebagai air minum. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik pengguna air minum kemasan/isi ulang sebagai sumber air utama. Desain penelitian adalah potong lintang. Variabel terikat adalah jenis sumber air minum rumah tangga, sedangkan variabel bebas terdiri dari karakteristik sumber air utama dan waktu yang diperlukan untuk mengambil air. Analisis data secara bivariat dilakukan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara proporsi pengguna air minum kemasan/isi ulang oleh rumah tangga dengan sumber air layak dengan rumah tangga yang menggunakan sumber air tidak layak. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa proporsi pengguna air minum kemasan/isi ulang oleh rumah tangga dengan sumber air minum yang belum layak lebih tinggi diibandingkan dengan rumah tangga dengan sumber air minum layak, yaitu masing-masing (7,6%) dan (26,7%). Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara rumah tangga dengan sumber air minum belum layak, dengan waktu tempuh pengambilan air belum layak terhadap penggunaan air minum kemasan/ isi ulang (p=0,000). Pada rumah tangga dengan sumber air minum layak, sumber air utama belum layak dan waktu pengambilan belum layak juga ditemukan hubungan bermakna secara statistik terhadap penggunaan air minum kemasan/ isi ulang (p=0,000). Kata kunci: Air kemasan, air minum isi ulang, air layak

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Fluoride Exposure through Different Drinking Water Sources in a Contaminated Basin in Guanajuato, Mexico: A Deterministic Human Health Risk Assessment

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182111490 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (21) ◽

pp. 11490

Author(s):

Paulina Farías ◽

Jesús Alejandro Estevez-García ◽

Erika Noelia Onofre-Pardo ◽

María Luisa Pérez-Humara ◽

Elodia Rojas-Lima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Health Risks ◽

Dental Fluorosis ◽

Water Source ◽

Water Sources ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Drinking Water Sources ◽

Fluoride Exposure ◽

Urinary Fluoride ◽

Water Fluoride

Water fluoride levels above the World Health Organization’s guideline (1.5 mg/L), common in overexploited aquifers, represent a health hazard. Our objective was to assess the health risks posed by exposure to fluoride in different drinking water sources in a contaminated basin in Mexico. Fluoride was measured in mutual drinking water sources and in the urine of 39 children and women. Risks were estimated through hazard quotient (HQ) by drinking water source. Dental fluorosis was assessed in the children. Mean fluoride water concentrations (mg/L) were: well, 4.2; waterhole, 2.7; bottled, 2.1; rainwater, 0.4. The mean urinary fluoride concentrations (specific gravity adjusted) were 2.1 mg/L and 3.2 mg/L in children and women, respectively. Our multiple linear regression model showed children’s urinary fluoride concentrations increased 0.96 mg/L for every 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride (p < 0.001). Dental fluorosis was diagnosed in 82% of the children, and their HQ according to drinking water source was: well, 1.5; waterhole, 1.1; bottled, 0.8; harvested rainwater, 0.3. The pervasive dental fluorosis indicates a toxic past fluoride exposure; urinary fluoride levels and HQs indicate high exposure and current health risks for most children. Drinking harvested rainwater will likely prevent most of the local fluoride exposure.

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Determination of Radon-222 in Natural Drinking Water Sources in Outskirts of Yekaterinburg

Water sector of Russia: problems, technologies, management - Методы оценки и механизмы регулирования водопользования в современных условиях ◽

10.35567/1999-4508-2014-4-8 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 95-101

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Tap Water ◽

Water Source ◽

Water Sources ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Drinking Water Sources ◽

Radon Content

Analysis of the 222Rn specific activity in water of three springs situated in Western outskirts of Yekaterinburg, out of the well that is the main drinking water source in the Palkinsky Torfyanning community, as well as the Yekaterinburg tap water has been carried out. Assessment of the radon content fluctuations over the period from January to November, 2013 in water of one of the sources under study has been done.

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Estimation of pathogen concentrations in a drinking water source using hydrodynamic modelling and microbial source tracking

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2012.183 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 358-370 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Ekaterina Sokolova ◽

Johan Åström ◽

Thomas J. R. Pettersson ◽

Olof Bergstedt ◽

Malte Hermansson

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Fate And Transport ◽

Water Source ◽

Microbial Source Tracking ◽

Water Sources ◽

Source Tracking ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Faecal Contamination ◽

Contamination Sources ◽

Drinking Water Sources

The faecal contamination of drinking water sources can lead to waterborne disease outbreaks. To estimate a potential risk for waterborne infections caused by faecal contamination of drinking water sources, knowledge of the pathogen concentrations in raw water is required. We suggest a novel approach to estimate pathogen concentrations in a drinking water source by using microbial source tracking data and fate and transport modelling. First, the pathogen (norovirus, Cryptosporidium, Escherichia coli O157/H7) concentrations in faecal contamination sources around the drinking water source Lake Rådasjön in Sweden were estimated for endemic and epidemic conditions using measured concentrations of faecal indicators (E. coli and Bacteroidales genetic markers). Afterwards, the fate and transport of pathogens within the lake were simulated using a three-dimensional coupled hydrodynamic and microbiological model. This approach provided information on the contribution from different contamination sources to the pathogen concentrations at the water intake of a drinking water treatment plant. This approach addresses the limitations of monitoring and provides data for quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) and risk management in the context of faecal contamination of surface drinking water sources.

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An integrated methodology to define Protection Zones for groundwaterbased drinking water sources: an example from the Tuscany Region, Italy

Acque Sotterranee-Italian Journal of Groundwater ◽

10.7343/as-102-15-0129 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Matia Menichini ◽

Simone Da Prato ◽

Marco Doveri ◽

Alessandro Ellero ◽

Matteo Lelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Source ◽

Water Sources ◽

Water Volume ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Protection Zone ◽

Protection Zones ◽

Drinking Water Sources ◽

Integrated Methodology ◽

Aquifer Systems

Water is an essential economic and social resource. It is also finite and vulnerable. For Europe, this generally accepted understanding has been translated into the European and National Directive (2000/60/EC, D.Lgs. 152/2006). This law has led to an increased awareness of the role of the resource and its importance in the socioeconomic, cultural, and political realms. To protect this resource, safeguard zones for drinking water sources must be delineated. In Italy, a drinking water source such as a well or spring is to be protected by means of a three-level safeguard zone: an absolute safety zone close to the source, a respect zone depending on groundwater travel time, and a Protection Zone. The aim of this paper is to describe an integrated methodology used to define the Protection Zone. The work, developed within the framework of a project of the Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG-CNR) and funded by the Tuscany Region Administration through “Consorzio Lamma”, focused on the delineation of the Protection Zones for several abstraction points located throughout the regional territory. The proposed methodology for protecting drinking water sources described in this paper integrates geological, hydrogeological, and hydrogeochemical methodologies. The approach includes a definition of the hydrostratigraphy of the aquifer systems, estimates of the water volume, and the quantification of inflows and outflows, as well their interrelationships. By means of this integrated methodology, fifteen Protection Zones were defined; each of these zones was divided in two areas according to their relative importance to supplying a drinking water source. The Protection Zones were further validated by means of hydrogeological and isotopic budget calculations.

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Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2009.233 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 126-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Helena M. Horak ◽

Joshua S. Chynoweth ◽

Ward P. Myers ◽

Jennifer Davis ◽

Scott Fendorf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Papua New Guinea ◽

New Guinea ◽

Water Source ◽

Water Sources ◽

World Health ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Drinking Water Sources ◽

Quality Of Water ◽

Provide Drinking Water

In Papua New Guinea, a significant portion of morbidity and mortality is attributed to water-borne diseases. To reduce incidence of disease, communities and non-governmental organizations have installed rain catchments to provide drinking water of improved quality. However, little work has been done to determine whether these rain catchments provide drinking water of better quality than traditional drinking water sources, and if morbidity is decreased in villages with rain catchments. The specific aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of water produced by rain catchments in comparison with traditional drinking water sources in rural villages in the East Sepik Province. Fifty-four water sources in 22 villages were evaluated for enterococci and Escherichia coli densities as well as 14 health-relevant metals. In addition, we examined how the prevalence of diarrhoeal illness in villages relates to the type of primary drinking water source. The majority of tested metals were below World Health Organization safety limits. Catchment water sources had lower enterococci and E. coli than other water sources. Individuals in villages using Sepik River water as their primary water source had significantly higher incidence of diarrhoea than those primarily using other water sources (streams, dug wells and catchments).

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Households access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042071 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. e042071

Author(s):

Zewudu Andualem ◽

Henok Dagne ◽

Zelalem Nigussie Azene ◽

Asefa Adimasu Taddese ◽

Baye Dagnew ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Health Survey ◽

Rural Households ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Water Sources ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

P Value ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Drinking Water Sources

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess households access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities and their associated factors in Ethiopia.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingEthiopia.ParticipantsHousehold heads.Primary outcomesAccess to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities.MethodsWe conducted an in-depth secondary data analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Data from a total of 16 650 households and 645 clusters were included in the analysis. The households were selected using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling technique. Multilevel binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with access to an improved drinking water source and toilet facilities. Adjusted OR with a 95% CI was reported with p value <0.05 was used to declare a significant association between the covariates and the outcome variables.ResultsThe proportions of households’ access to improved sources of drinking water and toilet facilities were 69.94% (95% CI: 69.23% to 70.63%) and 25.36% (95% CI: 24.69% to 26.03%), respectively. Households headed by women and households with a better wealth index were positively associated with access to improved drinking water sources. Whereas rural households, ≥30 min round trip to obtain drinking water and region were factors negatively associated with households access to improved drinking water sources. A higher probability of having access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads who had attained higher education, households having better access to improved sources of drinking water and households with better wealth index. While the following households were less likely to have access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads were widowed, households with four to six members, rural households and region.ConclusionThe study found that the proportions of households’ access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia were relatively low, which demands the need to tailor strategies to increase the coverage of access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities.

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Self-Supply Service Level Assessment as Drinking Water Source in Bekasi City (Case Study: Jatiluhur, Sumur Batu, and Jatirangga Villages)

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202127704004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 277 ◽

pp. 04004

Author(s):

Aprilia Harera ◽

Gita Lestari Putri ◽

Tim Foster

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Source ◽

Service Level ◽

Water Systems ◽

Water Sources ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Monitoring Method ◽

Dug Wells ◽

Monthly Survey

Drinking water sources derived from groundwater using selfsupply approaches are widely used in Bekasi City because only 26.8% of households are connected to the piped distribution. These self-supplied water systems can be assessed to determine how people choose a better drinking source. Therefore, this study aims to assess the service level attributes of self-supply, including accessibility, availability, and quality. A longitudinal monitoring method by means of a monthly survey to respondents was used to mens perceptions of taste, smell, color, availability, and safety. The results on both household and citywide scale showed boreholes were perceived to deliver a high service level. On the household scale, 93% of boreholes user got ‘high’ score for water service assessment, while dug wells were only 76%. During the 8 months survey, it was shown that 45% of respondents change their main source of drinking water from self-supply to other source for several reasons. Therefore, this study is expected to provide an overview related to the resilience of selfsupply drinking water for a certain period.

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