The Underappreciated Role of the Humoral Immune System and B Cells in Tumorigenesis and Cancer Therapeutics: A Review

AbstractBackgroundSuccessful vaccination against the H1N1 Influenza A virus has required the continuous development of new vaccines that are antigenically similar to currently circulating strains. Vaccine strategies that can increase the cross-reactivity of the antibody response, especially to conserved regions, are essential to creating long-lasting immunity to H1N1 viruses. How pre-existing immunity affects vaccine-induced antibody cross-reactivity is still not well understood.MethodsAn immunological shape space of antigenic sites of hemagglutinin (HA) was constructed using viral sequence data. A Gillespie Algorithm-based model of the humoral immune system was used to simulate B cell responses to A/California/07/2009 (CA09) HA antigen after prior immunization with an antigenically similar or dissimilar strain. The effect of pre-existing memory B cells and antibody on the resulting antibody responses was interrogated.ResultsWe found increased levels of highly-cross-reactive antibodies after immunization with antigenically dissimilar strains. This increase was dependent on pre-existing memory B cells. Furthermore, pre-existing antibody also interfered with the cross-reactive antibody response, but this effect occurred irrespective of the priming antigen.ConclusionThese findings suggest that vaccination by divergent strains will boost highly-cross-reactive antibodies by selectively targeting memory B cells specific to conserved antigenic sites and by reducing the negative interference caused by pre-existing antibody.

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The role of the humoral immune system in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)

Autoimmunity Reviews ◽

10.1016/j.autrev.2005.03.005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 4 (7) ◽

pp. 460-467 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Tjalf Ziemssen ◽

Focke Ziemssen

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Animal Model ◽

Immune System ◽

Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽

Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽

Humoral Immune ◽

Humoral Immune System ◽

Experimental Autoimmune

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Generated Immune Responses and Antibody-Mediated Immunity Against Corona Virus Disease-19: An Updated Review

Disease and Diagnosis ◽

10.34172/ddj.2020.07 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 163-171

Author(s):

Faezeh Malekzadeh ◽

Shaghayegh Kermaninezhad ◽

Amin Reza Nikpoor ◽

Mohammad Ali Vahidipour ◽

Ali Salimi Asl

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Chronic Phase ◽

Immunoglobulin M ◽

The Body ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

Igg Antibody ◽

Humoral Immune ◽

Humoral Immune System

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new pathogen which has become an uncontrollable pandemic. On the other hand, the humoral immune system, as a defensive line, protects the body by producing antibodies. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) are considered as the most important antibodies that are produced by the immune system of the host. Previous evaluations on the production of IgM and IgG antibodies by patients suffering from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection specifies that IgM is an acute phase antibody and increases on the first days of infection. Then, as the chronic phase begins, the level of the IgM decreases and switches to the production of IgG. In addition, the durability of the IgG antibody shows the duration of the immunity against COVID-19. Thus, the present review article focused on the antibody production mechanism in studies conducted on COVID-19 patients, the protection role of antibodies, and their stability.

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Serum immunoglobulins in patients with chronic tonsillitis

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1017/s0022215100148297 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 98 (12) ◽

pp. 1213-1216 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Harbans Lal ◽

O. P. Sachdeva ◽

H. R. Mehta

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Mean Value ◽

The Body ◽

Antigenic Stimulation ◽

Chronic Tonsillitis ◽

Serum Immunoglobulin ◽

Control Group ◽

Humoral Immune ◽

Humoral Immune System ◽

The Mean

AbstractSerum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA and IgM) levels were determined in patients with chronic tonsillitis before and one month after tonsillectomy. The preoperative levels of serum IgG, IgA and IgM were significantly higher when compared with the controls. The increase may be due to repeated antigenic stimulation. The post-operative levels for the three immunoglobulins were decreased; however, a significant reduction was observed for IgG only where the mean value was comparable with the control group. The data confirm that tonsillectomy does not disturb the humoral immune system of the body.

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