Abstract
Objectives
We previously demonstrated that formal employment among mothers in Kenya is associated with a lower prevalence and odds of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). This study evaluated the influence of maternal social support, agency, postnatal depression, and domestic violence on the association between formal employment and EBF in Naivasha, Kenya, where many women work in agricultural labor.
Methods
Using cross-sectional data (n = 1,186), we examined validated scales of social support, agency, domestic violence, and postnatal depression as effect modifiers in adjusted, stratified models of the association between employment and EBF. We hypothesized that higher social support and agency would attenuate the odds ratios that evaluated employment and EBF, and domestic violence and depression would further decrease the odds of EBF based on employment.
Results
Comparing formally employed to non-formally employed mothers, women with higher social support were more likely to practice EBF at 14 weeks: OR high (95%CI) = 0.22 (0.09, 0.51) and OR low = 0.12 (0.05, 0.29). The same trend was observed at 24 weeks. Among mothers with higher maternal agency compared to those with lower agency, the negative association between formal and EBF was decreased at both 14 weeks [OR high = 0.21 (0.09, 0.47) versus OR low = 0.16 (0.06, 0.44)] and 24 weeks. Comparing mothers who reported experiencing domestic violence to those who had not, the negative association between formal and EBF was increased at both 14 weeks [OR = 0.06 (0.01, 0.31) versus OR No violence = 0.18 (0.09, 0.36)] and 24 weeks. At 14 weeks, mothers with depression decreased the association between employment and EBF: [OR dep = 0.11 (0.03,0.45) versus OR no depression = 0.16 (0.08, 0.33). At 24 weeks, the employment-EBF relationship was non-significant among mothers with depression: [OR dep = 0.31 (0.08, 1.30) but remained significant among mothers without depression: OR no dep = 0.22 (0.12, 0.40).
Conclusions
Among formally employed mothers, maternal social support and agency improve the employment-breastfeeding relationship, while women exposed to domestic violence or postnatal depression experienced a further decrease in the likelihood of EBF. Supportive interventions to improve EBF and other maternal health factors are needed in the postpartum period for employed mothers.
Funding Sources
NIH Fogarty International Center
Social Support, Maternal Agency, Postnatal Depression, and Domestic Violence Influence the Formal Employment-Exclusive Breastfeeding Relationship: Evidence From Kenya
