Persistence of behavioral abnormalities following corticosteroid therapy in children with initial episode of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a prospective longitudinal observation

Introduction: Treatment of nephrotic syndrome with corticosteroid can cause several side- effects including behavioral abnormalities. The objectives of the study were to observe the proportion of non-relapsers having persistence of behavioral abnormalities after completion of treatment of initial episode and compare the abnormalities with relapsers, and to determine risk factors for persistence. Methods: Seventy-five children with a first episode of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and 60 normal children were rated by parents for behavioral problems using the Child Behavior Checklist. The Parenting Stress Index was also evaluated. The children were rated before treatment and 12 and 36 weeks after. Results: Both relapsers and non-relapsers showed abnormalities in internalizing and externalizing domains at 12 weeks of steroid therapy. Non-relapsers had abnormal scores in the internalizing domain in 63.5 % and externalizing domain in 48.1% of cases at 36 weeks. Relapsers had abnormal scores in all the three behavior domains, but a significantly higher proportion of relapsers had abnormal scores regarding total behavior (65.2% vs 28.8%, p<0.01) and child domains (100% vs 57.7%, p<0.001) of Parenting Stress Index in comparison to non-relapsers at 36 weeks. Occurrence of relapse increased the risk (odds ratio 5.76, 95% CI 1.35-10.76, p< 0.001) for persistence of abnormal total behavior at 36 weeks follow-up. Conclusion: Persistence of abnormalities was observed not only in relapsers but also in non-relapsers. Relapse was found to be a significant risk factor for persistence of abnormal behaviors in these patients.

Family disability, poverty and parenting stress: Analysis of a cross-sectional study in Kenya

Background: Households with a disabled member, be they a caregiver or a child, are poorer than households not affected by disability. Poverty, caregiving as a person with a disability and being the caregiver of a child with a disability can lead to increased parenting stress.Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine whether parenting stress experienced by caregivers in a household with a disabled member is greater when the disabled member is the caregiver, or the child, and how much of these respective relationships is explained by poverty.Method: We collected cross-sectional data using a demographic survey, the Washington Group Questions on adult disability, the 10 Questions on child disability and the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, from 465 caregivers enrolled in a non-governmental child development programme in Kenya.Results: Households with a disabled member were poorer than households without a disabled member. Parenting stress of disabled caregivers was higher than parenting stress of non-disabled caregivers; however, this relationship disappeared when socio-economic status was controlled for. Caregivers of disabled children were more stressed than caregivers of non-disabled children, and this effect was not explained by differences in socio-economic status.Conclusion: Our findings highlight the importance of developing a comprehensive understanding of the stressors facing households with a disabled member, particularly if that member is a child, so that supportive interventions can adequately cater to the needs of caregivers, and their children, in the context of poverty.

Factorial Structure and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form in Hong Kong and Thailand

With increasing attention on the role of parenting stress on family functioning and children’s development, one area that has been neglected is how such relations differ across cultures. Although sometimes viewed as homogeneous, Asian countries often have markedly different belief systems. Cross-cultural studies require instruments that have been validated in different socio-cultural contexts. The widely used parenting stress index-short form (PSI-SF) has been used in several locations. However, results regarding its factorial structure have been mixed. Furthermore, there are only a few cross-cultural comparison studies. This study examined the factorial structure of an abridged version of the PSI-SF with data from Hong Kong (N = 258) and Thailand (N = 190). The results from confirmatory factor analyses indicated that, in both cultures, a three-factorial structure provides the best model fit. Furthermore, we found evidence for partial metric invariance, suggesting that the test scores can be compared directly. Tests for convergent and discriminant validity revealed that the three factors were correlated with parent general distress, authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting behaviors, in both cultures. These findings suggest that the abridged PSI-SF can provide a meaningful comparison of parenting stress between Hong Kong and Thailand.

Examining the psychometric properties of the simplified Parenting Stress Index-Short Form with Chinese parents of children with cerebral palsy

We examined the factorial validity, measurement invariance, reliability, and concurrent validity across gender groups of the simplified Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (S-PSI-SF) with a group of 486 Chinese parents of children with cerebral palsy. Participants completed the S-PSI-SF and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Support. Findings based on a confirmatory factor analysis suggest that the original three-factor model was duplicated in this population, and displayed measurement invariance for both fathers and mothers. The internal reliability of the S-PSI-SF was confirmed, and composite reliability values were larger than .70. Furthermore, all subscales of the S-PSI-SF were significantly correlated with the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Support. These results show that the S-PSI-SF is a trustworthy and effective tool for evaluating parenting stress and can be used confidently with both fathers and mothers of children with cerebral palsy.

Envolvimento Paterno em Pais de Crianças em Idade Escolar: Relação com Estresse Parental, Apoio Social e Variáveis Sociodemográficas

Resumo Pretende-se averiguar se o estresse parental e o apoio social contribuem para o envolvimento paterno (EP), e analisar a relação desse envolvimento com variáveis sociodemográficas (pai/criança). Participaram do estudo 92 homens, pais de crianças em idade escolar (6 a 9 anos). Utilizou-se a Escala de Envolvimento Paterno e as adaptações portuguesas do Parenting Stress Index-Short Form e do Social Support Questionaire. Verificou-se que apenas o estresse parental (Interação e Criança) se constitui como preditor do EP (Cuidados e Disponibilidade). Verificou-se ainda uma associação entre o EP e o número de filhos. Os resultados sugerem que níveis elevados de estresse parental poderão ser prejudiciais para o envolvimento do pai em termos de cuidados e disponibilidade, sendo também relevante o maior número de filhos.

Efektivitas Pelatihan Keterampilan Pengasuhan Untuk Menurunkan Stres Pengasuhan Pada Ibu Yang Memiliki Anak Retardasi Mental

Ibu yang terus menerus mengalami stres akan memperparah keadaaan anak yang mengalami retardasi mental. Hal ini akan berakibat buruk dalam pengasuhan karena stres yang dialami seringkali membuat ibu berperilaku tidak sehat dan tidak positif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah Pelatihan Keterampilan Pengasuhan dapat menurunkan stres pengasuhan. Metode penelitian ini jenis quasi eksperimen dengan desain single subject. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah Parenting Stress Index-Short Form untuk mengukur stres pengasuhan. Hasil uji Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test diketahui nilai z = 2,668 dengan signifikansi sebesar 0,008 < 0,05 maka disimpulkan bahwa ada perbedaan yang sangat signifikan stres pengasuhan sebelum dan sesudah pemberian Pelatihan Keterampilan Pengasuhan. Kata Kunci: Pelatihan Keterampilan Pengasuhan, stres pengasuhan, ibu yang memiliki anak retardasi mental

Kualitas Pernikahan Dan Stres Pengasuhan Pada Orang Tua Yang Memiliki Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus

ABSTRAK : Setiap orang tua dengan anak berkebutuhan khusus umumnya memiliki stres pengasuhan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan orang tua dengan anak normal, karena anak berkebutuhan khusus sangat membutuhkan perhatian dan perlakuan khusus yang lebih. Salah satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi tingkat stres tersebut adalah kualitas pernikahan. Sepasang suami istri dengan pernikahan yang berkualitas akan memiliki komunikasi dan interaksi yang baik antar keduanya sehingga stres pengasuhan pun dapat menurun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji tentang hubungan dari kedua variabel tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode kuantitatif menggunakan teknik pengambilan data quota sampling dengan subjek berjumlah 80 orang tua yang memiliki anak berkebutuhan khusus. Subjek diukur menggunakan skala berjumlah 63 item yang dimodifikasi dari Parenting Stress Index (PSI) dan skala kualitas pernikahan milik Allendorf & Ghimire (2013). Data dianalisa secara korelasional menggunakan product momment pearson. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kualitas pernikahan dan stres pengasuhan memiliki hubungan negatif yang signifikan dengan nilai (r = -293 ; p = 0.008), dimana saat orang tua memiliki kualitas pernikahan yang baik maka stres pengasuhannya akan semakin rendah. Selain itu, hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menambah pengetahuan bagi para orang tua agar dapat menjaga kualitas pernikahan mereka guna meminimalisir stres pengasuhan yang dapat mereka alami.Kata kunci : kualitas pernikahan, stres pengasuhan, orang tua yang memiliki ABKABSTRACT : level of parenting stress than parents with normal children, because children with special needs need more attention and special treatment. One of the factors that can affect stress levels is the quality of marriage. A couple of husband and wife with a quality marriage will have good communication and interaction between the two so that the stress of parenting can decrease. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship of the two variables. This research was conducted with a quantitative method using quota sampling data with 80 subjects who had children with special needs. Subjects were measured using a scale of 63 items modified from the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) and the quality of the marriage scale of Allendorf & Ghimire (2013). The data is analyzed correlatively using the momment Pearson product. The results of this study indicate that the quality of marriage and parenting stress have a significant negative relationship with the value (r = -293; p = 0.008), where when parents have a good quality of marriage the stress of parenting will be lower. In addition, the results of this study are expected to increase knowledge for parents to be able to maintain the quality of their marriage in order to minimize the stress of parenting they can experience.Keywords: marital quality, parenting stress, parents who have children with special needs