Experience of Female Entrepreneurs With Disabilities in Zimbabwe

The global population of people with disabilities is estimated to be around one billion which represents 15% of the population. It is further estimated that the majority of people with disabilities are found in developing countries to which the majority are women. Adding on to the challenge, 82% percent of disabled people live below the poverty line and can barely employ sustainable means of earning a living and neither can they widen livelihood options due to their circumstances. Thus, they are languishing in absolute poverty. Developing countries are lagging behind in promoting the economic rights of women with disabilities. This is mainly shown by their absence in formal employment because many developing countries do not have policies which facilitate the employment of women with disabilities. Women with disabilities in Zimbabwe are concentrated in light industry entrepreneurship. The majority are found in vending, buying, and selling of cloth and electrical items, others are involved in cross-border trading.

Effects of parental entrepreneurial performance on the mode of entrepreneurial entry by the next-generation family members: evidence from an emerging economy

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to examine the effects of perceived parental entrepreneurial rewards, or PPERs (i.e. the offspring's perception of the degree of parental success in entrepreneurship), on the corporate venturing (CV) mode of entrepreneurial entry and the interaction effects of family business involvement (FBI) and formal employment on the association between PPER and CV by the next-generation family members.Design/methodology/approachA survey was administered to a sample of 738 small business owners in Kenya; of which, 440 small business owners were selected because they grew up in a family business context. A probit model was used to examine the main and interaction effects.FindingsPPERs significantly influenced CV. FBI improves the positive relationship whereas formal employment reduces the effects of PPER on CV.Practical implicationsFamilies in business need to improve conversations with their children to include discussions concerning the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards of running a family business, which may shape not only the entrepreneurial entry path of their offspring but also the willingness to establish businesses that may grow and lead to continuity of the family business of origin.Originality/valueThe study investigates the effect of being embedded in a business family in shaping the CV mode of entrepreneurial entry by the next-generation family members who may not, on the one hand, find independent own founding an attractive option and for whom, on the other hand, the succession mode of entry may not be an option.

Mexico poverty reduction will require policy overhaul

Significance The report shows that the number of poor increased to 55.7 million in 2020 -- around 43.9% of Mexico’s population, up from 41.9% in 2018. The findings give a sense of the socioeconomic damage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and of the challenges facing the government as it pursues recovery. Impacts Despite CONEVAL’s findings, the government will continue to focus its programmes on the rural poor, the young, and the elderly. Working-age people (many of whom lost their jobs during the pandemic) face a continued lack of support. The deterioration of the business environment will hinder the recovery of formal employment, and the social security benefits it provides.

Evaluation of women’s access to building credits from banks in Nigeria

Women are responsible for the fastest economic growth in the world through their commercial activities. Despite this notable act, women in developing countries are most times sidelined in accessing financial incentives from banks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the criteria used by banks and the problems encountered by women in accessing building credits in Nigeria. The study used a cross-sectional survey research design that utilized an electronic questionnaire instrument. The data obtained were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, 100% stacked bars, mean score, ANOVA, and categorical regression (CAT-REG) tests. The result revealed that the primary criteria to access building credits across different banks in Nigeria were the source of income/level of income, credit status/review, and the value of the collateral. When women can access building credits from banks, it can lead to improved living conditions for women, improved work-life, and benefits for their children. However, the lack of collateral, lack of financial literacy, lack of formal employment, and lack of right to ownership of property are limiting factors in women lending from banks. Furthermore, gender discrimination, lack of financial literacy, and low educational background could influence women’s access to building credits from banks. To facilitate the provision of loans to women from banks, it is necessary to improve government policy, economic reforms and banking legislation for women’s access to loans. AcknowledgmentThe article processing charge (APC) for this paper was supported by Covenant University Centre for Research, Innovation and Discovery, Nigeria.

Entrepreneurship and the Promises of Inclusive Urban Development in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is one of the rapidly urbanizing countries in Africa and rural-urban migration is the major factor in the urbanization process. Migration is selective and rural youth are more likely to migrate to cities than others. However, the capacity of cities to accommodate the massive influx of migrants by providing formal employment is limited. Consequently, migrants remain marginalized and without access to employment opportunities. The majority are pushed into self-employment in the informal sector with few entrepreneurial skills and no access to affordable finance. Besides, though Ethiopia has shown economic growth, the challenges posed by a fast-growing young population has increased urban inequality, making the youth vulnerable. Despite such challenges, harnessing the benefits of the youth bulge and promoting inclusive development through the promotion of entrepreneurship has become a priority area since 1990s. Although improvements have been made, entrepreneurship programs are unable to reach the unemployed youth and those engaged in informal sector. The objective of this paper is to explore barriers that hinder the youth to formalize informal businesses and to start new businesses. The study followed a qualitative approach. Data were collected through key informant interviews and focus group discussions from four cities-Addis Ababa, Adama, Bahir Dar and Hawassa. The findings show that several bottlenecks including politicization of entrepreneurship, lack of understanding of the nature and demands of the youth; weak instructional systems; low levels of service capacity and inefficiency; lack of entrepreneurship education, youth negligence, and corruption hinder entrepreneurship programs and thereby attaining inclusive development in Ethiopia.

Entrepreneurship, beekeeping, and health training to decrease community violence in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a pilot study for an intervention trial

Background High unemployment rates and limited access to resources, services, and economic opportunities are associated with many types of violence. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, most violence is experienced by unemployed, poorly educated men between the ages of 20 and 35 years. It is expected that community violence will decrease as the incomes of those most at risk increase. However, economic opportunity through formal employment is rarely available to uneducated men in Dar es Salaam. Giving them access to economic independence through entrepreneurship training is therefore supported by the World Bank and the government of Tanzania. There has been little research on the effectiveness of programs to encourage entrepreneurship. Methods To evaluate the feasibility of providing entrepreneurial training programs to young men in Dar es Salaam, especially those without formal employment, a pretest-posttest pilot study was conducted drawing a sample of young men from neighborhood camps called vijiweni. There were four interventions, each implemented in a single camp: Health/Control, Entrepreneurship + Health, Beekeeping + Health, and Entrepreneurship + Beekeeping + Health. The four camps received 2, 6, 6, and 10 training sessions, respectively. No start-up capital was provided. The participants were interviewed at baseline and 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after the sessions were completed. Data were collected on demographics, household assets, experience of violence, and income. Results Fifty-seven respondents attended the first session. At baseline, the camps were not meaningfully different from one another in educational attainment, number of dependents, daily income, assets, or individual members’ roles as victims, perpetrators, or witnesses of violence. Differences were found in age, occupation, and weekly income. Over a period of 2.25 years (from baseline to the end of the project), the weekly income of the Health/Control camp, which had been earning the most, decreased by 37% in a reflection of worsening economic conditions at the time. All three intervention camps increased their income: Beekeeping by 43%, All by 50%, and Entrepreneurship by 146%, with the latter almost reaching the minimum wage level. The most persistently reported constraint was insufficient start-up capital. Conclusions The feasibility and potential effectiveness of a short training program on entrepreneurship skills for unemployed, poorly educated young men in urban Tanzania were demonstrated in this study. It has set the stage for an intervention trial to test an updated hypothesis: A 5–7-day intervention about entrepreneurship and microfinance savings groups will lead to increased income and decreased violence. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.govNCT 04602416. Registered on 24 October 2020. Retrospectively registered.

Efecto crítico de la pandemia por covid-19 en el empleo de México

The cycle of formal employment during 2020, following the Covid-19 pandemic, is analyzed in three stages: paralysis with destruction, interrupted recovery, and relapse. Likewise, using data from the Mexican Social Security Institute on monthly changes to the numbers of insured workers, it was possible to identify the impact of govern-ment management, and trace the history of infection provoked by the disease, in lost or gained employment at each stage. Changes to the numbers of those in employment are illustrated by the economic sector, state, size of economic unit, salary range, sex and age group of the workers. The highest rate of unemployment was in tourism and recre-ational services, the most populous states with dense metropolitan areas, medium and large economic units, among young workers, the very young and those over 60 years old, and those with the worst wages. It is estimated that it will take at least until 2022 for the quality of work to recover and the accumulated deficit to be restored

MUITO ALÉM DA PANDEMIA: A HISTÓRICA CRISE NO MERCADO DE TRABALHO FORMAL E OS IMPACTOS DA COVID-19 NOS EMPREGOS DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

A crise desencadeada pela difusão do Vírus SARS-CoV-2 impactou de maneira significativa não somente as relações sociais, mas também as decisões políticas no Brasil em múltiplas escalas. Nesse contexto, desde o mês de março do ano de 2020 foram sugeridas medidas para conter o avanço da COVID-19 no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, as quais resultaram em ramificações e debates acerca dos desdobramentos da doença nos indicadores econômicos, principalmente no saldo de empregos. A partir desse contexto elencamos o objetivo geral do trabalho, o qual busca analisar a estrutura do emprego formal no estado do Rio Grande do Sul em dois contextos: o primeiro, denominado de pré-pandêmico (2010 a 2019) e, o segundo, de pandêmico (janeiro a dezembro de 2020). No que tange à metodologia, foram utilizadas duas bases de dados: o Cadastro Geral de Empregados e Desempregados (CAGED) tanto na escala nacional como estadual e a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD), as quais possibilitaram observar o comportamento da taxa de desocupação no recorte temporal de 2010 a 2020. Como resultados, podemos compreender que os impactos econômicos da pandemia representam um agravamento de uma crise já existente no Brasil e no Rio Grande do Sul, fruto de uma série de transformações no mundo do trabalho brasileiro dos últimos 10 anos. Palavras-chave: Rio Grande do Sul. Empregos. COVID-19. Precarização. Trabalho. FAR BEYOND THE PANDEMIC: THE HISTORIC CRISIS IN THE FORMAL JOB MARKET AND THE IMPACTS OF COVID-19 ON EMPLOYMENTS IN RIO GRANDE DO SUL Abstract: The crisis unleashed by the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus has significantly impacted not only in social relations, but also the political decisions in Brazil on multiple scales. In this context, since march of 2020 measures have been suggested to contain the advance of COVID-19 in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, which resulted in ramifications and debates about the unfolding of the disease in the economic indicators, mainly in the balance of employments. From that context we listed the main goal of the work, which seeks to analyze the structure of formal employment in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in two contexts: the first, called pre-pandemic (2010 to 2019), and the second, of pandemic (january to december of 2020). Regarding the methodology, two databases were used: the General Register of Employed and Unemployed (CAGED) at both national and state scales and the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), which made it possible to observe the behavior of the unemployment rate in the time frame of 2010 to 2020. As results, we can understand that the economic impacts of the pandemic represent an aggravation of a crisis that already exists in Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul, the result of a series of transformations in the world of the brazilian work in the last 10 years. Keywords: Rio Grande do Sul. Employment. COVID-19. Precariousness. Work. AU-DELÀ DE LA PANDÉMIE: LA CRISE HISTORIQUE DU MARCHÉ DU TRAVAIL FORMEL ET LES IMPACTS DU COVID-19 SUR LES EMPLOIS DANS LE RIO GRANDE DO SUL Résumé: La crise déclenchée par la propagation du virus SRAS-CoV-2 a eu un impact significatif non seulement sur les relations sociales, mais aussi sur les décisions politiques au Brésil à plusieurs échelles. Dans ce contexte, depuis mars 2020, des mesures ont été suggérées pour contenir les progrès du COVID-19 dans l'état du Rio Grande do Sul, ce qui a entraîné des ramifications et des débats sur les conséquences de la maladie sur les indicateurs économiques, principalement dans la balance d'emplois. À partir de ce contexte, nous listons l'objectif général du travail, qui cherche à analyser la structure de l'emploi formel dans l'état du Rio Grande do Sul dans deux contextes: le premier, dit prépandémique (2010 à 2019) et le second, la pandémie (janvier à décembre 2020). Concernant la méthodologie, deux bases de données ont été utilisées: le Registre Général des Salariés et des Chômeurs (CAGED) à l'échelle nationale et étatique et l'Enquête Nationale par Sondage auprès des Ménages (PNAD), qui a permis d'observer le comportement du taux d'emploi dans la période de 2010 à 2020. En conséquence, nous pouvons comprendre que les impacts économiques de la pandémie représentent une aggravation d'une crise qui existe déjà au Brésil et dans le Rio Grande do Sul, résultat d'une série de transformations dans le monde du travail brésilien aux dernières dix années. Mots clés: Rio Grande do Sul. Emplois. COVID19. Précarité. Travail.

An examination of physical violence against women and its justification in development settings in Uganda

This paper uses data from a community cross-sectional survey to examine the factors that are associated with justification of physical violence against women. Results indicate that respondents who were married at the time of the survey were less likely (OR = 0.29; CI = 0.17–0.52) to agree that it is justified for a man to physically assault his partner that their counterparts who were single. The likelihood to justify physical violence was less likely to happen among respondents with primary education (OR = 0.49; CI = 0.39–0.62), secondary education (OR = 0.40; CI = 0.31–0.53) and vocation or tertiary education (OR = 0.28; CI = 0.19–0.41) than among respondents with no education. Protestants were less likely (OR = 0.77; CI = 0.64–0.94) to justify physical violence than the Catholics. Respondents who were not formally employed were more likely (OR = 1.66; CI = 1.32–2.08) to justify physical violence than their counterparts who were in formal employment in the last three months preceding the survey. Respondents who agreed that it is okay for a man to control his partner’s movements (OR = 1.27; CI = 1.04–1.55), it is okay for a man to have sex with his wife anytime (OR = 2.28; CI = 1.87–2.78), alcohol is the main reason for violence against women (OR = 1.67; CI = 1.33–2.10), men need sex more than women (OR = 1.57; CI = 1.23–1.99) and women know where to obtain support in case of violence (OR = 1.42; CI = 1.00–2.02) were more likely to justify physical violence than respondents who disagreed. The likelihood to justify physical violence was less among respondents who agreed that: violence is not the only way to deal with disagreements (OR = 0.54; CI = 0.33–0.86), it is possible for men to stop violence (OR = 0.62; CI = 0.47–0.82) and it is acceptable for a woman to ask her partner to use a condom (OR = 0.61; CI = 0.51–0.73) than their counterparts who disagreed. There is need to increase investment in social norms change programmes in order to strengthen contestation of tolerance of physical violence among men and women in Uganda.

ENTREMPLOYEES AS A TYPE OF HYBRID ENTREPRENEUR: A THEORETICAL EXPLANATION OF HOW THE ENVIRONMENT SHAPES ENTREPRENEURS

This paper describes a growing but under-documented entrepreneurial phenomenon called entremployees. This is a hybrid form of entrepreneurship, whereby an individual simultaneously pursues a dual career in both formal employment and, based on that employment, entrepreneurship. Typically, in the mainstream literature, entrepreneurship and formal employment are understood as being mutually exclusive phenomena — one either gets a job or engages in entrepreneurship. However, Zimbabwe’s economic downturn in the last two decades has catalysed the growth of entremployeeism. The paper first outlines the characteristics of entremployeeism. Motivating factors including the external environment as push factors are discussed. The theories that beckon entremployeeism as a distinct form of entrepreneurship are presented. Finally, implications for theory and future research conclude the paper.