Enhanced bio-oil deoxygenation activity by Cu/zeolite and Ni/zeolite catalysts in combined in-situ and ex-situ biomass pyrolysis

This paper reports the performance of a spark ignition engine using gasoline blended with an upgraded bio-oil rich in aromatics and ethanol. This upgraded bio-oil was obtained using a two-step catalytic process. The first step comprised an in-situ catalytic pyrolysis process with CaO in order to obtain a more stable deoxygenated organic fraction, while the second consisted of a catalytic cracking of the vapours released using ZSM-5 zeolites to obtain an aromatics-rich fraction. To facilitate the mixture between bio-oil and gasoline, ethanol was added. The behaviour of a stationary spark ignition engine G12TFH (9600 W) was described in terms of fuel consumption and electrical efficiency. In addition, gaseous emissions and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were determined. Trial tests suggested that it is possible to work with a blend of gasoline, ethanol and bio-oil (90/8/2 vol%, herein named G90E8B2) showing similar fuel consumption than pure gasoline (G100) at the same load. Moreover, combustion could be considered more efficient when small quantities of ethanol and organic bio-oil are simultaneously added. A reduction, not only in the PAH concentrations but also in the carcinogenic equivalent concentrations, was also obtained, decreasing the environmental impact of the exhaust gases. Thus, results show that it is technically feasible to use low blends of aroma-rich bio-oil, ethanol and gasoline in conventional spark ignition engines.

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Ex-situ up-conversion of biomass pyrolysis bio-oil vapors using Pt/Al2O3 nanostructured catalyst synergistically heated with steel balls via induction

Catalysis Today ◽

10.1016/j.cattod.2017.01.010 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 291 ◽

pp. 3-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Mohammad Abu-Laban ◽

Pranjali D. Muley ◽

Daniel J. Hayes ◽

Dorin Boldor

Keyword(s):

Ex Situ ◽

Nanostructured Catalyst ◽

Biomass Pyrolysis ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Steel Balls

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Predicting thermal excursions during in-situ oxidative regeneration of packed bed catalytic fast pyrolysis catalyst

Reaction Chemistry & Engineering ◽

10.1039/d1re00007a ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bruce Adkins ◽

Zachary Mills ◽

James Parks ◽

Michael Brennan Pecha ◽

Peter N. Ciesielski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Content ◽

Fast Pyrolysis ◽

Packed Bed ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Biomass Pyrolysis ◽

Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis ◽

Oxidative Regeneration ◽

Pyrolysis Catalyst

Ex-situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis (CFP) uses a secondary reactor to upgrade biomass pyrolysis vapors to stabilized CFP oils with reduced oxygen content. In one configuration, the secondary reactor is operated...

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Biorefinery via Catalytic Upgraded Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass

TECNICA ITALIANA-Italian Journal of Engineering Science ◽

10.18280/ti-ijes.652-417 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 65 (2-4) ◽

pp. 250-255

Author(s):

Ferruccio Trifirò

Keyword(s):

Thermal Process ◽

Fast Pyrolysis ◽

High Viscosity ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Fluid Bed ◽

Chemical Products ◽

Dimension Of Particles ◽

Pyrolysis Of Biomass

Energy can be produced from biomass by biochemical, biological and thermal process. Pyrolysis is a thermal process that operate at temperature between 400-600C in absence of oxygen or with very low amount, to produce a bio-oil, char and gas. The best technology is fast pyrolysis that produce higher amount of liquid bio-oil, particularly 75% of liquid, -at 500oC without oxygen, contact time lesser 2sec a drying of biomass till 10%, with dimension of particles of biomass of 3mm, using mainly bubbling fluid bed, However the bio-oil obtained with fast pyrolysis present a lot drawbacks: it presents a high amount of oxygen, high acidity, high viscosity, high moisture and chemical instability. Fast pyrolysis can be upgraded operating in the presence of a catalyst (in-situ) or with a downstream catalytic reactor to the that one of fast pyrolysis (ex situ). Besides it is possible upgrade the bio-oil transforming it in fuels and chemical products realizing the catalytic pyrolysis in presence of H2 (hydropyrolysis) or realizing hydrodeoxygenation reactions downstream the fast pyrolysis or using as reductants wastes from plastics, from rubber of tires or from organic wastes in order to realize a catalytic co-pyrolysis.

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Towards a mechanistic understanding of particle shrinkage during biomass pyrolysis via synchrotron X-ray microtomography and in-situ radiography

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80228-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Meredith Rose Barr ◽

Rhodri Jervis ◽

Yeshui Zhang ◽

Andrew J. Bodey ◽

Christoph Rau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Remediation ◽

Imaging Study ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Walnut Shell ◽

Biomass Pyrolysis ◽

Almond Shell ◽

X Ray ◽

Sustainable Solutions ◽

Shell Particles

AbstractAccurate modelling of particle shrinkage during biomass pyrolysis is key to the production of biochars with specific morphologies. Such biochars represent sustainable solutions to a variety of adsorption-dependent environmental remediation challenges. Modelling of particle shrinkage during biomass pyrolysis has heretofore been based solely on theory and ex-situ experimental data. Here we present the first in-situ phase-contrast X-ray imaging study of biomass pyrolysis. A novel reactor was developed to enable operando synchrotron radiography of fixed beds of pyrolysing biomass. Almond shell particles experienced more bulk shrinkage and less change in porosity than did walnut shell particles during pyrolysis, despite their similar composition. Alkaline pretreatment was found to reduce this difference in feedstock behaviour. Ex-situ synchrotron X-ray microtomography was performed to study the effects of pyrolysis on pore morphology. Pyrolysis led to a redistribution of pores away from particle surfaces, meaning newly formed surface area may be less accessible to adsorbates.

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An in situ and ex situ TEM study of the formation of thin cobalt silicide films by molecular beam epitaxy on the silicon (100) surface

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010010648x ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 884-885

Author(s):

D. Loretto ◽

J. M. Gibson ◽

S. M. Yalisove ◽

R. T. Tung

Keyword(s):

Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽

Molecular Beam ◽

Defect Density ◽

High Vacuum ◽

Ultra High Vacuum ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Metal Base ◽

In Situ Experiments ◽

Potential Applications

The cobalt disilicide/silicon system has potential applications as a metal-base and as a permeable-base transistor. Although thin, low defect density, films of CoSi2 on Si(111) have been successfully grown, there are reasons to believe that Si(100)/CoSi2 may be better suited to the transmission of electrons at the silicon/silicide interface than Si(111)/CoSi2. A TEM study of the formation of CoSi2 on Si(100) is therefore being conducted. We have previously reported TEM observations on Si(111)/CoSi2 grown both in situ, in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) TEM and ex situ, in a conventional Molecular Beam Epitaxy system.The procedures used for the MBE growth have been described elsewhere. In situ experiments were performed in a JEOL 200CX electron microscope, extensively modified to give a vacuum of better than 10-9 T in the specimen region and the capacity to do in situ sample heating and deposition. Cobalt was deposited onto clean Si(100) samples by thermal evaporation from cobalt-coated Ta filaments.

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The use of transmission and analytical electron microscopy in studying reactions and phase transformations in thin film

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100150046 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 842-843

Author(s):

K. Barmak

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Thin Films ◽

Phase Transformations ◽

Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Multilayer Thin Films ◽

Absolute Concentration ◽

Analytical Electron ◽

Deposition Step

Generally, processing of thin films involves several annealing steps in addition to the deposition step. During the annealing steps, diffusion, transformations and reactions take place. In this paper, examples of the use of TEM and AEM for ex situ and in situ studies of reactions and phase transformations in thin films will be presented.The ex situ studies were carried out on Nb/Al multilayer thin films annealed to different stages of reaction. Figure 1 shows a multilayer with dNb = 383 and dAl = 117 nm annealed at 750°C for 4 hours. As can be seen in the micrograph, there are four phases, Nb/Nb3-xAl/Nb2-xAl/NbAl3, present in the film at this stage of the reaction. The composition of each of the four regions marked 1-4 was obtained by EDX analysis. The absolute concentration in each region could not be determined due to the lack of thickness and geometry parameters that were required to make the necessary absorption and fluorescence corrections.

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