The role of childhood maltreatment in cortisol in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in methamphetamine-dependent individuals with and without depression comorbidity and suicide attempts

2020 ◽  
Vol 263 ◽  
pp. 274-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Pirnia ◽  
Vahid Khosravani ◽  
Faezeh Maleki ◽  
Rozita Kalbasi ◽  
Kambiz Pirnia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal

scholarly journals Genes and hormones of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in post-traumatic stress disorder. What is their role in symptom expression and treatment response?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Fischer ◽  
Tabea Schumacher ◽  
Christine Knaevelsrud ◽  
Ulrike Ehlert ◽  
Sarah Schumacher
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Alternative Treatments ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Post Traumatic

Abstract Background Less than half of all individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remit spontaneously and a large proportion of those seeking treatment do not respond sufficiently. This suggests that there may be subgroups of individuals who are in need of augmentative or alternative treatments. One of the most frequent pathophysiological findings in PTSD is alterations in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, including enhanced negative feedback sensitivity and attenuated peripheral cortisol. Given the role of the HPA axis in cognition, this pattern may contribute to PTSD symptoms and interfere with key processes of standard first-line treatments, such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT). Methods This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current state of research regarding the role of HPA axis functioning in PTSD symptoms and treatment. Results Overall, there is preliminary evidence that hypocortisolaemia contributes to symptom manifestation in PTSD; that it predicts non-responses to TF-CBT; and that it is subject to change in parallel with positive treatment trajectories. Moreover, there is evidence that genetic and epigenetic alterations within the genes NR3C1 and FKBP5 are associated with this hypocortisolaemic pattern and that some of these alterations change as symptoms improve over the course of treatment. Conclusions Future research priorities include investigations into the role of the HPA axis in day-to-day symptom variation, the time scale in which biological changes in response to treatment occur, and the effects of sex. Furthermore, before conceiving augmentative or alternative treatments that target the described mechanisms, multilevel studies are warranted.

Headliner in Physiology and Management of Childhood Asthma: Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nese Akcan ◽  
Nerin N. Bahceciler
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Cushing Syndrome ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Persistent Asthma ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal

Asthma is the most common chronic inflammatory disease of children. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the cornerstone of asthma therapy which are the most effective, commonly used treatment of persistent asthma. Mostly, studies on the relationship between asthma and cortisol have focused on side effects of treatment. Recently, asthmatic patients not treated with ICS have been reported to have an attenuated activity and/or responsiveness of their Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Adrenal (HPA) axis. Moreover, it has been proposed that asthma worsening with stress may be due to a dysfunctional HPA axis, or cortisol insensitivity due to chronic psychological stress through impaired glucocorticoid receptor expression or function. Although long-term ICS treatment might produce adrenal suppression or iatrogenic Cushing syndrome, improvement of adrenal function has also been detected in some of asthmatic cases. Thus, the response scheme of HPA axis still contains undiscovered features in asthma. The management of asthma can be improved by increasing knowledge on the role of HPA axis in asthma pathophysiology. The risk for side effects of ICS can be minimized through increased awareness, early recognition of at-risk patients and regular patient follow-up. This review was written to draw attention to the role of HPA axis in both asthma and its treatment and to illustrate a follow up algorithm of HPA axis in the management of asthma.

Leukemia inhibitory factor regulates glucocorticoid receptor expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (5) ◽  
pp. E857-E863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Kariagina ◽  
Svetlana Zonis ◽  
Mahta Afkhami ◽  
Dmitry Romanenko ◽  
Vera Chesnokova
Keyword(s):  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Protein Levels

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine belonging to the gp130 family. LIF is induced peripherally and within the brain during inflammatory or chronic autoimmune diseases and is a potent stimulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Here we investigated the role of LIF in mediating glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the HPA axis. LIF treatment (3 μg/mouse, ip) markedly decreased GR mRNA levels in murine hypothalamus (5-fold, P < 0.01) and pituitary (1.7-fold, P < 0.01) and downregulated GR protein levels. LIF decreased GR expression in murine corticotroph cell line AtT20 within 2 h, and this effect was sustained for 8 h after treatment. LIF-induced GR mRNA reduction was abrogated in AtT20 cells overexpressing dominant-negative mutants of STAT3, indicating that intact JAK-STAT signaling is required to mediate LIF effects on GR expression. Conversely, mice with LIF deficiency exhibited increased GR mRNA levels in the hypothalamus and pituitary (3.5- and 3.5-fold, respectively; P < 0.01 for both) and increased GR protein expression when compared with wild-type littermates. The suppressive effects of dexamethasone on GR were more pronounced in LIF-null animals. These data suggest that LIF maintains the HPA axis activation by decreasing GR expression and raise the possibility that LIF might contribute to the development of central glucocorticoid resistance during inflammation.

Genetics of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis - a Systemic Stress Modulator in Relation to Suicidal Behaviour

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
D. Wasserman ◽  
M. Sokolowski ◽  
J. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Tyrosine Hydroxylase ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Suicidal Behaviour ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Systemic Stress

Suicide, a phenomenon characterised by heterogeneous and complex causes affects about one million people each year.Twin studies, adoption studies and family studies indicate the role of genetic factors in suicidal behaviours. Psychobiological hypotheses regarding suicidal behaviours involve neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and their correlation to psychological functions as well as the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Whereas the genes of e.g. the 5HT system and of the key NA-biosynthesis enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase, have been studied extensively in this context the genes in the HPA axis have only begun to be investigated.Our novel results on the genetic variation in the CRHR1 gene in connection to depression and stress among suicidal individuals and in the TBX 19 gene, which is regulated by CRH, suggest that genetic variation in the CRH-mediated regulation of the HPA axis is a factor of importance in suicidality, especially in males with depression.

scholarly journals Interactions between the neuropeptide Y system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

1999 ◽  
pp. 130-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Krysiak ◽  
E Obuchowicz ◽  
ZS Herman
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Hpa Axis Activity ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

The aim of this paper is to review the present knowledge of interactions between the neuropeptide Y (NPY) system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. On the basis of in vitro and in vivo studies of various animal species, we review the effects of NPY on all levels of HPA axis activity. We also describe the effects of glucocorticosteroids on the NPY system in the hypothalamus, including interactions between glucocorticosteroids and insulin. On the basis of available literature, we discuss the role of these interactions in the control of food intake and in the pathogenesis of obesity.

scholarly journals Role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptors in toxic sequelae of exposure to bacterial and viral products

2004 ◽  
Vol 181 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
JI Webster ◽  
EM Sternberg
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Glucocorticoid Response ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Synthetic Glucocorticoid

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated during many bacterial and viral infections, resulting in an increase in circulating glucocorticoid levels. This HPA axis activation and glucocorticoid response are critical for the survival of the host, as demonstrated by the fact that removal of the HPA axis (by adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy) or glucocorticoid receptor (GR) blockade enhances the severity of the infection and in some cases enhances the mortality rate. Replacement with a synthetic glucocorticoid reverses these effects by reducing the severity of the infection and provides protection against lethal effects. In addition, some bacteria and viral infections have been shown to affect the GR directly. These have been described and the implications of such an effect discussed.

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