scholarly journals Role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptors in toxic sequelae of exposure to bacterial and viral products

2004 ◽  
Vol 181 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
JI Webster ◽  
EM Sternberg
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Glucocorticoid Response ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Synthetic Glucocorticoid

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated during many bacterial and viral infections, resulting in an increase in circulating glucocorticoid levels. This HPA axis activation and glucocorticoid response are critical for the survival of the host, as demonstrated by the fact that removal of the HPA axis (by adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy) or glucocorticoid receptor (GR) blockade enhances the severity of the infection and in some cases enhances the mortality rate. Replacement with a synthetic glucocorticoid reverses these effects by reducing the severity of the infection and provides protection against lethal effects. In addition, some bacteria and viral infections have been shown to affect the GR directly. These have been described and the implications of such an effect discussed.

scholarly journals Dream Recall/Affect and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-408
Author(s):  
Athanasios Tselebis ◽  
Emmanouil Zoumakis ◽  
Ioannis Ilias
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Dream Recall ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

In this concise review, we present an overview of research on dream recall/affect and of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, discussing caveats regarding the action of hormones of the HPA axis (mainly cortisol and its free form, cortisol-binding globulin and glucocorticoid receptors). We present results of studies regarding dream recall/affect and the HPA axis under physiological (such as waking) or pathological conditions (such as in Cushing’s syndrome or stressful situations). Finally, we try to integrate the effect of the current COVID-19 situation with dream recall/affect vis-à-vis the HPA axis.

scholarly journals Interactions between the neuropeptide Y system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

1999 ◽  
pp. 130-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Krysiak ◽  
E Obuchowicz ◽  
ZS Herman
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Hpa Axis Activity ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

The aim of this paper is to review the present knowledge of interactions between the neuropeptide Y (NPY) system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. On the basis of in vitro and in vivo studies of various animal species, we review the effects of NPY on all levels of HPA axis activity. We also describe the effects of glucocorticosteroids on the NPY system in the hypothalamus, including interactions between glucocorticosteroids and insulin. On the basis of available literature, we discuss the role of these interactions in the control of food intake and in the pathogenesis of obesity.

scholarly journals Hypothalamic glucocorticoid receptor in CRF neurons is essential for HPA axis habituation to repeated stressor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carine Dournes ◽  
Julien Dine ◽  
Juan-Pablo Lopez ◽  
Elena Brivio ◽  
Elmira Anderzhanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Psychological Disorders ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Crf Neurons ◽  
Inhibitory Tone ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Short abstractHabituation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to repeated homotypic stressors is crucial for the organism’s well-being. Many physiological and psychological disorders are associated with HPA axis dysfunction. Here, we show that glucocorticoid receptors in CRF neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus are essential for HPA habituation. By increasing inhibitory tone onto CRF neurons, glucocorticoid receptors led to essential cellular modulation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation dampening, when re-exposed to the same stressor.

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: A Brief History

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 212-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complex Chemistry ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is central to homeostasis, stress responses, energy metabolism, and neuropsychiatric function. The history of this complex system involves discovery of the relevant glands (adrenal, pituitary, hypothalamus), hormones (cortisol, corticotropin, corticotropin-releasing hormone), and the receptors for these hormones. The adrenal and pituitary were identified by classical anatomists, but most of this history has taken place rather recently, and has involved complex chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, and clinical investigation. The integration of the HPA axis with modern neurology and psychiatry has cemented the role of endocrinology in contemporary studies of behavior.

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan H. Young ◽  
Mario F. Juruena
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Acute Responses ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Hpa Axis Dysregulation ◽  
Crucial Part ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Homeostatic State

Increased adrenocortical secretion of hormones, primarily cortisol in depression, is one of the most consistent findings in neuropsychiatry. The maintenance of the internal homeostatic state of an individual is facilitated by the ability to circulate glucocorticoids to exert negative feedback on the secretion of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) hormones through binding to mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors, thus limiting the vulnerability to diseases related to psychological stress in genetically predisposed individuals. The HPA axis response to stress can be thought of as a crucial part of the organism’s response to stress: acute responses are generally adaptive, but excessive or prolonged responses can lead to deleterious effects. A spectrum of conditions may be associated with increased and prolonged activation of the HPA axis, including depression, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. HPA axis dysregulation and hypercortisolaemia may further contribute to a hyperglycaemic or poorly controlled diabetic state.

Incorporating hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis measures into preventive interventions for adolescent depression: Are we there yet?

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 975-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma K. Adam ◽  
Jonathan M. Sutton ◽  
Leah D. Doane ◽  
Susan Mineka
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Preventive Interventions ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Prevention Studies ◽  
Youth At Risk ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Risk For Depression

AbstractAltered functioning of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is a robust correlate of major depression in adults, and to a lesser extent, in adolescents. Premorbid differences in HPA axis function have been found to prospectively predict the onset of adolescent depression. To what extent might our knowledge of HPA axis function in adolescents with, or at risk for, depression, help guide efforts to prevent depression in this age group? We review evidence regarding the role of the HPA axis in the development of adolescent depression, and examine whether and which HPA axis measures might be useful in guiding prevention efforts as (a) as a criterion by which to select youth at risk for depression, (b) as a predictor of which youth will be most responsive to prevention efforts, and (c) as an indicator of whether prevention/intervention efforts are working. We conclude that our current understanding of the HPA axis, and its measurement, in adolescent depression are not sufficiently precise to be of immediate practical use in improving prevention efforts. Incorporating HPA axis measures into prevention studies, however, would be immensely useful in clarifying the role of the HPA axis in adolescent depression, such that future prevention efforts might more confidently rely on HPA axis information.

Treatment of ebola and other infectious diseases: melatonin “goes viral”

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russel J Reiter ◽  
Qiang Ma ◽  
Ramaswamy Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Safety Profile ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Attractive Potential ◽  
Potential Treatment

This review summarizes published reports on the utility of melatonin as a treatment for virus-mediated diseases. Of special note are the data related to the role of melatonin in influencing Ebola virus disease. This infection and deadly condition has no effective treatment and the published works documenting the ability of melatonin to attenuate the severity of viral infections generally and Ebola infection specifically are considered. The capacity of melatonin to prevent one of the major complications of an Ebola infection, i.e., the hemorrhagic shock syndrome, which often contributes to the high mortality rate, is noteworthy. Considering the high safety profile of melatonin, the fact that it is easily produced, inexpensive and can be self-administered makes it an attractive potential treatment for Ebola virus pathology.  

scholarly journals Genes and hormones of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in post-traumatic stress disorder. What is their role in symptom expression and treatment response?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Fischer ◽  
Tabea Schumacher ◽  
Christine Knaevelsrud ◽  
Ulrike Ehlert ◽  
Sarah Schumacher
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Alternative Treatments ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Post Traumatic

Abstract Background Less than half of all individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remit spontaneously and a large proportion of those seeking treatment do not respond sufficiently. This suggests that there may be subgroups of individuals who are in need of augmentative or alternative treatments. One of the most frequent pathophysiological findings in PTSD is alterations in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, including enhanced negative feedback sensitivity and attenuated peripheral cortisol. Given the role of the HPA axis in cognition, this pattern may contribute to PTSD symptoms and interfere with key processes of standard first-line treatments, such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT). Methods This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current state of research regarding the role of HPA axis functioning in PTSD symptoms and treatment. Results Overall, there is preliminary evidence that hypocortisolaemia contributes to symptom manifestation in PTSD; that it predicts non-responses to TF-CBT; and that it is subject to change in parallel with positive treatment trajectories. Moreover, there is evidence that genetic and epigenetic alterations within the genes NR3C1 and FKBP5 are associated with this hypocortisolaemic pattern and that some of these alterations change as symptoms improve over the course of treatment. Conclusions Future research priorities include investigations into the role of the HPA axis in day-to-day symptom variation, the time scale in which biological changes in response to treatment occur, and the effects of sex. Furthermore, before conceiving augmentative or alternative treatments that target the described mechanisms, multilevel studies are warranted.

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