The impact of strategic interaction on earnings expectations associated with corporate product strategies

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Syan Chen ◽  
Po-Jung Chen ◽  
Wen-Chun Lin
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjell Hausken ◽  
Mthuli Ncube

Abstract Background The article develops an eight-period game between N persons and a pharmaceutical company. The choices of a donor and Nature are parametric. Methods Persons choose between safe and risky behavior, and whether or not to buy drugs. The pharmaceutical company chooses whether or not to develop drugs. The donor chooses parametrically whether to subsidize drug purchases and drug developments. Nature chooses disease contraction, recovery, death, and virus mutation. The game is solved with backward induction. Results The conditions are specified for each of seven outcomes ranging from safe behavior to risky behavior and buying no or one or both drugs. The seven outcomes distribute themselves across three outcomes for the pharmaceutical company, which are to develop no drugs, develop one drug, and develop two drugs if the virus mutates. For these three outcomes the donor’s expected utility is specified. Conclusion HIV/AIDS data is used to present a procedure for parameter estimation. The players’ strategic choices are exemplified. The article shows how strategic interaction between persons and a pharmaceutical company, with parametric choices of a donor and Nature, impact whether persons choose risky or safe behavior, whether a pharmaceutical company develops no drugs or one drug, or two drugs if a virus mutates, and the impact of subsidies by a donor.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Andi Sahat Maasi Sigalingging ◽  
Dominggus Rudolf Leiwakabessy

 The pandemic has paralyzed global tourism. In Biak Papua, the impact of the pandemic on the tourism industry is enormous. Almost all hotels stop operating, even if one is open, that also opens up for the quarantine of Covid sufferers. This article examines the condition of hotels in Biak and the survival marketing strategies adopted during the outbreak. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach using in-depth interviews and literature studies on books, scientific journals, and online news. This study focuses on Basana Inn and Manna Inn, on the grounds of the level of representation of the Jasmine Hotel and customer types. The research results show that the impact of the pandemic has resulted in almost empty hotel occupancy. The strategy carried out is almost the same, namely by terminating employees permanently and temporarily, limiting the use of hotel facilities, spending efficiency, selling non-room products online, and refusing to refund bookings by changing visit schedules. During the Covid 19 pandemic, a marketing strategy is very important to do. In obtaining optimal results, strategies in marketing are carried out which have a very broad scope, including analytical strategies to face competition, price strategies, product strategies, service strategies and so on. The Covid 19 outbreak has given service companies a sense of worry or discomfort, especially the Basana Inn Hotel which is engaged in accommodation services. Seeing the results of the identification of problems in this study, researchers are interested in researching the title "Hotel Marketing Strategies in Biak Papua to Survive the Covid-19 Pandemic." The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the most appropriate strategy in the Covid 19 Pandemic situation.


2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSAN C. STOKES

Political machines (or clientelist parties) mobilize electoral support by trading particularistic benefits to voters in exchange for their votes. But if the secret ballot hides voters' actions from the machine, voters are able to renege, accepting benefits and then voting as they choose. To explain how machine politics works, I observe that machines use their deep insertion into voters' social networks to try to circumvent the secret ballot and infer individuals' votes. When parties influence how people vote by threatening to punish them for voting for another party, I call thisaccountability. I analyze the strategic interaction between machines and voters as an iterated prisoners' dilemma game with one-sided uncertainty. The game generates hypotheses about the impact of the machine's capacity to monitor voters, and of voters' incomes and ideological stances, on the effectiveness of machine politics. I test these hypotheses with data from Argentina.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Jones ◽  
Ricardo Santos

How jobseekers set their earnings expectations is central to job search models. To study this process, we track the evolution of own-earnings forecasts over 18 months for a representative panel of university-leavers in Mozambique and estimate the impact of a wage information intervention. We sent participants differentiated messages about the average earnings of their peers, obtained from prior survey rounds. Demonstrating the stickiness of (initially optimistic) beliefs, we find an elasticity of own-wage expectations to this news of around 7 per cent in the short term and 16 per cent over the long term, which compares to a 22 per cent elasticity in response to unanticipated actual wage offers. We further find evidence of heterogeneous updating heuristics, where factors such as the initial level of optimism, cognitive skills, perceived reliability of the information, and valence of the news shape how wage expectations are updated. We recommend institutionalizing public information about earnings.


2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasim Music

We analyze the impact of doping regulations on the doping decisions of athletes in a Tullock contest. We show that stricter anti-doping regulations may increase the profits of doped athletes, which makes doping more sustainable in the long run. Under certain conditions, a naturally more able athlete may receive a lower payoff than his naturally less able competitor, reversing the natural payoff order. We consider the case of different anti-doping agencies and show that harmonization of doping regulations may increase the doping intensity. We point out incentive problems that may arise in the case of strategic interaction between anti-doping agencies.


1983 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Cooper

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenyan Gu ◽  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
Yuansi Hou

Purpose To investigate the psychological mechanism of observational learning in the online retailing context, the purpose of this paper is to show how the psychological distance between consumers and products affects modes of observational learning. Design/methodology/approach Five experimental studies are conducted to test the hypotheses. Findings The findings show that which modes of observational learning are adopted by consumers is affected by consumers’ psychological distance. Specifically, when the psychological distance between consumers and products is proximal, consumers tend to adopt the termed adequate observational learning mode by considering the interaction of information about popularity and the breadth of appeal of a product to make purchase. However, when the psychological distance is distal, consumers would consider information of popularity and breadth of appeal separately without considering the interaction, termed as inadequate observational learning mode. The observed relationship between psychological distance and observational learning mode could be explained by the construal level. Research limitations/implications This research advances the observational learning and psychological distance literature by investigating the psychological mechanism behind observational learning modes. Limitations include the use of scenario-based experiments to test the hypotheses, investigation of a single product attribute (i.e. breadth of appeal) and assessment of popularity information by sales volume alone. Practical implications The current research provides a deeper understanding of consumer observational learning modes, which can help online retailers to develop effective product strategies and marketing tactics and, finally, achieve stronger competitive positions. Originality/value The present research contributes to the literature by examining the psychological mechanism involved in observational learning. This research distinguishes adequate and inadequate observational learning modes from the perspective of psychological distance.


2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 2691-2702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Christine Schulz ◽  
Margarethe F. Wiersema

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