Comparison of polyflavonoids in bayberry tanning effluent and commercial bayberry tannin: prerequisite information for vegetable tanning effluent recycling

Abstract In preparing the second edition of ‘Tanning Chemistry. The Science of Leather.’, the literature was updated and the content was revised and reviewed. Here, the new findings are presented and discussed. Notable developments include the necessary rethinking of the mechanism of sulfide unhairing because of new understanding of the aqueous chemistry of sulfide species. Revision upwards of the value of the second pKa for sulfide species ionisation means that S2− cannot exist in an aqueous medium, so the unhairing species in hair burn reactions is HS−. Although the technology remains the same, this means the mechanisms of associated reactions such as immunisation must be revised. Rawstock preservation has benefitted from studies of the potential role of materials from plants which accumulate salt, but which also contribute terpene compounds. There is also further discussion on the continuing issue of chromium (VI) in the leather industry. The application to processing of new solvents, ionic liquids and deep eutectics, is the coming technology, which offers transforming options for new chemistries and products. Renewed interest in vegetable tanning and methods of wet white processing are current trends. Also, within the topic of reagent delivery is processing in a solid medium of plastic beads. Graphical abstract

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Enhancement of Thermophilic Biogas Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent by pH Adjustment and Effluent Recycling

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9050878 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 878

Author(s):

Apinya Singkhala ◽

Chonticha Mamimin ◽

Alissara Reungsang ◽

Sompong O-Thong

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Optimal Dose ◽

Methane Yield ◽

Ph Adjustment ◽

Oil Palm Ash ◽

Palm Oil Mill ◽

Archaea Community ◽

Effluent Recycling

A sudden pH drops always inhibits the anaerobic digestion (AD) reactor for biogas production from palm oil mill effluent (POME). The pH adjustment of POME by oil palm ash addition and the biogas effluent recycling effect on the preventing of pH drop and change of the archaea community was investigated. The pH adjustment of POME to 7.5 increased the methane yield two times more than raw POME (pH 4.3). The optimal dose for pH adjustment by oil palm ash addition was 5% w/v with a methane yield of 440 mL-CH4/gVS. The optimal dose for pH adjustment by biogas effluent recycling was 20% v/v with a methane yield of 351 mL-CH4/gVS. Methane production from POME in a continuous reactor with pH adjustment by 5% w/v oil palm ash and 20% v/v biogas effluent recycling was 19.1 ± 0.25 and 13.8 ± 0.3 m3 CH4/m3-POME, respectively. The pH adjustment by oil palm ash enhanced methane production for the long-term operation with the stability of pH, alkalinity, and archaea community. Oil palm ash increased the number of Methanosarcina mazei and Methanothermobacter defluvii. Oil palm ash is a cost-effective alkali material as a source of buffer and trace metals for preventing the pH drop and the increased methanogen population in the AD process.

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Effluent Recycling in Australia – Rapid Development as a Major Component of Water Management

Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation ◽

10.2175/193864710798207053 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 (9) ◽

pp. 6626-6636 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David Barnes ◽

Tom Mollenkopf

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Effluent Recycling

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The Effects of Tanning with Kepok Banana (Musa Paradisiaca L) Bunch on the Physical Quality of Rabbit Skin

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.d7834.118419 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 12564-12567 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

National Standard ◽

Tannin Content ◽

Rabbit Skin ◽

Physical Quality ◽

Musa Paradisiaca ◽

Tanning Process ◽

Vegetable Tanning

Vegetable tanning is leather tanning using tanning agents derived from plants. Utilization of mimosa (as a source of tannins from Acacia wood) for tanning materials has various weaknesses in terms of influence on the environment. Kepok banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) bunch is one of the abundant banana waste and not yet utilized. Banana bunches contain 2-5% tannins so they have the potential to be used as tanning agent. Although the tannin content is not high, it is still possible to be used as tanning agent for small-sized skin, such as rabbit skin. This study aimed to determine the physical quality of rabbit skin that wastanned with banana bunches. The results showed that Kepok banana bunches can be used as a good tanning material that is environmentally friendly. The use of Kepok banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) bunch as tanning material had a significant effect (P <0.05) on physical quality of rabbit skin. With 25% Kepok banana (Musa pardisiaca L.) bunch as tanning agent, the tanning process could produce leather sheets that met Indonesian National Standard (SNI) no 06-0237-1989 with 1.17 mm of thickness, 4.7 mm of softness, 12.02 kg/cm of tear strength, 239.55 kg/cm2 of tensile strength, and 174.12% of elongation.

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