Ultrasound-guided measurement of skin and subcutaneous tissue thickness in children with diabetes and recommendations for giving insulin injections

ABSTRACT Background: The evaluation of collagen in the abdominal wall has been increasingly studied because of the relevance on collagen in the healing process after laparotomy. Aim: To evaluate the amount of collagen in the linea alba of patients undergoing laparotomic bariatric surgery and comparing with non-obese cadavers. Methods: Were evaluated 88 samples of aponeurosis from abdominal linea alba of 44 obese patients (obesity group) and 44 non-obese cadavers (control group). The samples were collected in 2013 and 2104, and were sorted according to age (18-30, 31-45 and 46-60), gender, BMI, waist and cervical circumference, and subcutaneous tissue thickness. Material for biopsy was collected from the supraumbilical region of the linea alba for immunohistochemical analysis differentiating collagen type 1 and type 3 and the 1/3 ratio. Image-Pro Plus pixel counting software was used to measure the amount of collagen. Results: The obesity group evidenced mean age 44.11±9.90 years; 18-30 age group had three (6.8%) obese individuals; 31-45 had 22 (50%) and 46-60 had 19 (43.1%). Females were present in 81.8% (n=36); BMI (kg/m²) was 48.81±6.5; waist circumference (cm) was 136.761±13.55; subcutaneous tissue thickness (cm) 4.873±0.916. Considering age groups, gender and BMI, there were statistical differences in all tests when compared with the cadavers. Conclusion: The amount of collagen in the linea alba above the umbilical region in the morbidly obese patients was smaller than in the non-obese cadavers in the same age group.

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Correlation of Fetal Abdominal Subcutaneous Tissue Thickness by Ultrasound to Predict Birth Weight

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2014/6498.4214 ◽

2014 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rajeshwari G. Bhat

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Subcutaneous Tissue ◽

Tissue Thickness

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Anthropometric Measurements Of The Ventrogluteal İnjectıon Area: A Cross-sectional Study

Journal of Human Sciences ◽

10.14687//jhs.v17i3.5873 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 900-910

Author(s):

Emel Tuğrul ◽

Leyla Khorshıd ◽

Özüm Tunçyürek

Keyword(s):

Muscle Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Tissue ◽

Research Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Anthropometric Measurements ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Tissue Thickness ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Crista Iliaca

Research Problem / Aim: The ventrogluteal injection area is one of the areas most frequently used by nurses in intramuscular injection applications. The thicknesses of the subcutaneous tissue and the muscle tissue in this area are important for a safe injection. The aim of this study is the determination of the subcutaneous and muscle tissue thicknesses on the ventrogluteal injection area and the anthropometric data about it. Method: The study has designed a cross-sectional study. 150 individuals who applied to the ultrasound unit of the hospital and accepted to participate in the study were included in the study. The ventrogluteal injection area was determined with the ‘’V’’ method by the researcher. The subcutaneous and muscle tissue thicknesses from the areas on the injection area and the areas 2 and 4 cm around the injection area were determined using the ultrasound device. Moreover, the relation between the anthropometric measurements of the individuals (height, weight, waist, hip and crista iliaca circumferences, distance between the large trochanter and crista iliaca and crista iliaca anterior) and the tissue thicknesses on the injection area were evaluated. The data of the research were evaluated with definitive statistics, ANOVA test and posthoc Tukey test, t test and correlation analysis. The p<0.05 value was accepted as statistically significant for all results. Findings: The average subcutaneous tissue thickness in the injection area was determined as 15.44±8.01 mm and the average tissue thickness there was determined as 31.75±11.86 mm. The subcutaneous tissue thickness in women was found more than the subcutaneous tissue thickness in men. When the tissue thicknesses 2 and 4 cm around the injection area were analyzed, it was found that the area where the total tissue thickness was the least was over 2 cm (41.67±14.83) and over 4 cm (35.79±15.55) of the injection area. It was determined that the average total thickness 4 cm around the injection area was less than 38 mm in underwight individuals. Conclusions: According to the results obtained from the study, the weight and body mass index of the individual should be considered in the choice of the injection area and the length of the needle to be used when the ventrogluteal injection area was used in intramuscular injections. Especially in obese individuals, longer needles can be preferred. Besides, it must be thought that there may be the risk of bone injury 4 cm around the injection area in asthenic individuals and individuals with normal weight. Moreover, since the individuals’ having a large waist and hip circumference is related to their subcutaneous tissue thickness, it is recommended that long needles should be chosen in these individuals.

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Cooling of Lower Extremity Muscles According to Subcutaneous Tissue Thickness

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-550-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (12) ◽

pp. 1304-1307 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Noelle M. Selkow

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Athletic Training ◽

Treatment Time ◽

Subcutaneous Tissue ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Treatment Temperature ◽

Medial Gastrocnemius ◽

Tissue Thickness ◽

End Of Treatment ◽

Standardized Treatment

Context When using an ice bag, previous researchers recommended cooling times based on the amount of subcutaneous tissue. Unfortunately, many clinicians are unaware of these recommendations or whether they can be applied to other muscles. Objective To examine if muscles of the lower extremity cool similarly based on recommended cooling times. Design Crossover study. Setting Athletic training laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Fourteen healthy participants volunteered (8 men, 6 women; age = 21.1 ± 2.2 years, height = 174.2 ± 4.5 cm, weight = 74.0 ± 7.5 kg). Intervention(s) Subcutaneous tissue thickness was measured at the largest girth of the thigh, medial gastrocnemius, and medial hamstring. Participants were randomized to have either the rectus femoris or medial gastrocnemius and medial hamstring tested first. Using sterile techniques, the examiner inserted a thermocouple 1 cm into the muscle after accounting for subcutaneous tissue thickness. After the temperature stabilized, a 750-g ice bag was applied for 10 to 60 minutes to the area(s) for the recommended length of time based on subcutaneous adipose thickness (0 to 5 mm [10 minutes]; 5.5 to 10 mm (25 minutes]; 10.5 to 15 mm [40 minutes]; 15.5 to 20 mm [60 minutes)]. After the ice bag was removed, temperature was monitored for 30 minutes. At least 1 week later, each participant returned to complete testing of the other muscle(s). Main Outcome Measure(s) Intramuscular temperature (°C) at baseline, end of treatment time (0 minutes), and posttreatment recovery (10, 20, and 30 minutes postintervention). Results At the end of treatment, temperature did not differ by subcutaneous tissue thickness (10 minutes = 29.0°C ± 3.8°C, 25 minutes = 28.7°C ± 3.2°C, 40 minutes = 28.7°C ± 6.0°C, 60 minutes = 30.0°C ± 2.9°C) or muscle (rectus femoris = 30.1°C ± 3.8°C, gastrocnemius = 28.6°C ± 5.4°C, hamstrings = 28.1°C ± 2.5°C). No significant interaction was present for subcutaneous tissue thickness or muscle (P ≥ .126). Conclusions Lower extremity muscles seemed to cool similarly based on the recommended cooling times for subcutaneous tissue thickness. Clinicians should move away from standardized treatment times and adjust the amount of cooling time by ice-bag application based on subcutaneous tissue thickness.

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