Synthesis of cyanoacetic acid by carbon dioxide and electrogenerated acetonitrile anion in undivided cells equipped with sacrificial anodes

The near-unlimited availability of CO2 has stimulated a growing research effort in creating value-added products from this greenhouse gas. This paper presents the trends on the most important methods used in the electrochemical synthesis of carboxylic acids from carbon dioxide. An overview is given of different substrate groups which form carboxylic acids upon CO2 fixation, including mechanistic considerations. While most work focuses on the electrocarboxylation of substrates with sacrificial anodes, this review considers the possibilities and challenges of implementing other synthetic methodologies. In view of potential industrial application, the choice of reactor setup, electrode type and reaction pathway has a large influence on the sustainability and efficiency of the process.

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Electron Cytochemical Study of Carbon Dioxide Laser Effect on Rhesus Monkey Cornea

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010005113x ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 224-225

Author(s):

K. C. Tsou ◽

J. Morris ◽

P. Shawaluk ◽

B. Stuck ◽

E. Beatrice

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Rhesus Monkey ◽

Carbon Dioxide Laser ◽

Cytochemical Study ◽

Laser Effect

While much is known regarding the effect of lasers on the retina, little study has been done on the effect of lasers on cornea, because of the limitation of the size of the material. Using a combination of electron microscope and several newly developed cytochemical methods, the effect of laser can now be studied on eye for the purpose of correlating functional and morphological damage. The present paper illustrates such study with CO2 laser on Rhesus monkey.

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The Critical Point Drying Method Applied to Scanning Electron Microscopy of L-929 Cells

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100068382 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 278-279

Author(s):

Charles TurnbiLL ◽

Delbert E. Philpott

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Surface Tension ◽

Critical Point ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Crystal Formation ◽

Critical Point Drying ◽

Time Required ◽

Scanning Electron

The advent of the scanning electron microscope (SCEM) has renewed interest in preparing specimens by avoiding the forces of surface tension. The present method of freeze drying by Boyde and Barger (1969) and Small and Marszalek (1969) does prevent surface tension but ice crystal formation and time required for pumping out the specimen to dryness has discouraged us. We believe an attractive alternative to freeze drying is the critical point method originated by Anderson (1951; for electron microscopy. He avoided surface tension effects during drying by first exchanging the specimen water with alcohol, amy L acetate and then with carbon dioxide. He then selected a specific temperature (36.5°C) and pressure (72 Atm.) at which carbon dioxide would pass from the liquid to the gaseous phase without the effect of surface tension This combination of temperature and, pressure is known as the "critical point" of the Liquid.

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