Enhanced stability of bio-oil and diesel fuel emulsion using Span 80 and Tween 60 emulsifiers

Catalytic pyrolysis oil (CPO) was produced from lignin using the ex-situ mechanism and nanoporous HZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3 = 50) as a catalyst. The oil contained phenolics, esters, acids, and benzene derivatives as the major constituents. The emulsification of CPO in diesel was tested with several emulsifier combinations such as Span 80 and Tween 60, Span 80 and Atlox 4916, and Atlox 4916 and Zephrym PD3315 in the HLB range of 5.8–7.3. The HLB value of 5.8 using the combination of Span 80 and Atlox 4916 and the CPO:emulsifier:diesel ratio of 5:2:93 (wt%), provided a stable emulsion for 10 days. The physiochemical properties of that emulsion were comparable to diesel. Hence, emulsions of CPO and diesel can potentially be used as a diesel engine fuel.

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Optimization of HIB Value Combination of Tween 60 and Span 80 on Cream Formulation of Ethanol Extract of Green Tea Leaves (Camellia Sinensis L.)

Majalah Obat Tradisional ◽

10.22146/mot.38402 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 124

Author(s):

Fransiska Lisa Anindya Putri ◽

Akhmad Kharis Nugroho ◽

Erna Prawita Setyowati

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Green Tea ◽

Camellia Sinensis ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Tea Leaves ◽

Lattice Design ◽

Dpph Method ◽

Green Tea Leaves ◽

Span 80 ◽

Tween 60

Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is known to have ability to protect skin against free radicals. This is supported by polyphenol compound catechin. This research aims to determine the optimum Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) value of Tween 60 and Span 80 compositions on the optimum cream formula of ethanol extract of green tea leaves. Tea leaves are extracted by macerating using 70% ethanol. Catechin in extract is known from Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) test with silica gel 60 F254 as stationary phase and ethyl acetate:aquadest:formic acid (18:1:1 v/v) as mobile phase. Antioxidant activity is determined by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) method and value of Inhibition Concentration 50% (IC50) is then calculated. Formula optimization using Design Expert® version 7.1.5 (DX 7) software, Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method with two components Tween 60 and Span 80. Cream is characterized according to physical properties organoleptic, homogeneity, viscosity, pH, spreadability, adhesiveness, and cream type. The optimum formula obtained is then tested for physical stability for 4 weeks at room temperature (28±2°C) and data are statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The extract contains catechin proved with Retention factor (Rf) value 0.8 and has antioxidant activity with IC50 value 56.35 ppm. 6.4% Tween 60 and 3.6% Span 80 result an optimum HLB value 11.1. It has viscosity 2897.50±35.94 mPa.s, spreadability 18.44±0.06 cm2, adhesiveness 0.85±0.05 seconds, and pH 4.530±0.002. Statistical test shows that the cream is significantly altered at pH, but does not significantly change in viscosity, spreadability, and adhesiveness after being stored for 4 weeks.

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Evaluating the outcomes of a single-cylinder CRDI engine operated by lemon peel oil under the influence of DTBP, rice husk nano additive and water injection

International Journal of Engine Research ◽

10.1177/14680874211047743 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 146808742110477

Author(s):

Mebin Samuel Panithasan ◽

Gnanamoorthi Venkadesan

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

Diesel Fuel ◽

Water Injection ◽

Nox Emission ◽

Single Cylinder ◽

Lemon Peel ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Butyl Peroxide ◽

Lemon Peel Oil ◽

Peel Oil

In the search for an alternative energy source with lesser pollution for transportation needs, bio-oil, a denser and viscous fuel that needs a transesterification process, have been widely considered for diesel engines. However, these problems are solved by using low viscous biofuel, but this improvement also significantly leads to increased NOx emission. Hence this present study investigates the usage of a low viscous biofuel in the CRDI engine with measures to reduce NOx emission through water injection technique. The low viscous bio-oil was used in this study along with an ignition enhancer (di-tert-butyl-peroxide), non-metallic nano additive (rice husk). They were tested in a constant speed, single-cylinder, diesel engine for various loads. Considering the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), 2% and 150 ppm were selected as the optimum value after testing five ratios (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3%) of di tert butyl peroxide (DTBP) and four ratios (50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm) of rice husk (RH). The lemon peel oil (LPO) with the optimum additive ratio produced 30.69% BTE, which was 4.7% lesser than diesel fuel. A considerable decrease in fuel consumption and emissions except for nitrogen oxides (NOx) is recorded. NOx emission increased by 17.3% for the biofuel blend containing RH and DTBP. To control NOx emission, 2% of water was injected into the intake manifold with the fresh intake air. Two percent by vol. was finalised after experimenting four ratios (1%, 2%, 3% and 4%) of water addition. This 2% water reduces 11% of NOx emission and affects the other outputs, denoted with the 8.9% reduced BTE value compared with diesel fuel. Thus, the LPOC combination proved to operate well in the CRDI engine and produces lower NOx emissions than other LPO blends.

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Compatibility Assessment of Fuel System Infrastructure Plastics with Bio-oil and Diesel Fuel

Energy & Fuels ◽

10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b03121 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 542-553 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Michael D. Kass ◽

Christopher J. Janke ◽

Raynella M. Connatser ◽

Samuel A. Lewis ◽

James R. Keiser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diesel Fuel ◽

Fuel System ◽

Bio Oil

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Utilization of Waste Hydraulic Oil as Fuel in Diesel Engine

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3263 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 518-523 ◽

pp. 3263-3266

Author(s):

Jazair Yahya Wira ◽

Tan Wee Choon ◽

Samion Syahrullail ◽

Noge Hirofumi ◽

Mazlan Said ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engine ◽

Diesel Fuel ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Exhaust Emissions ◽

Hydraulic Oil ◽

Span 80 ◽

Co Emission ◽

Conventional Diesel Fuel ◽

Test Fuel

Production of alternative diesel fuel has been increasing drastically in many Asian countries. Since the reduction of petroleum production by Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the research on alternative fuel for diesel engine has gain interest. The target of this project is to substitute some percentage usage of conventional diesel fuel with waste substance without compromising on engine performance and exhaust emissions. This study has produced two type of alternative fuels. A test fuel consisting 30% of water into diesel fuel with the existence of additive or emulsifier (span 80) is called as DW Emul. Another test fuel which is named as DHW Emul produced by blending 30% of water into a mixture consisting of 20% of waste hydraulic oil and 80% of diesel fuel with the existence of span 80. The engine performance and exhaust emissions of DW Emul and DHW Emul are measured and has been compared with the conventional diesel fuel. A 600cc single cylinder direct injection diesel engine was used. The experiment was conducted at 1500 rpm with variable engine loads. Results show that DHW Emul and DW Emul has higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). However, by considering the total use of diesel fuel contained in DW Emul, the quantity was lower at all loads. The same goes for DHW Emul at low load but deteriorate at high load which show slightly higher compared with of using 100% conventional diesel fuel. DHW Emul has suppressed CO emission that is usually high of using emulsion fuel to the level similar to conventional diesel fuel. NOx and Smoke emissions for DHW Emul are lower than conventional diesel. The use of DHW Emul can give significant reduction of NOx and Smoke emissions without deterioration of CO emission.

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