Causal effects of family income on educational investment and child outcomes: Evidence from a policy reform in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 101122
Author(s):  
Michio Naoi ◽  
Hideo Akabayashi ◽  
Ryosuke Nakamura ◽  
Kayo Nozaki ◽  
Shinpei Sano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Educational Investment

The framing of Australian childcare policy problems and their solutions

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay Cook ◽  
Lara Corr ◽  
Rhonda Breitkreuz
Keyword(s):  
Staff Development ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Care Work ◽  
Educational Investment ◽  
Financial Pressure ◽  
Development Costs ◽  
Childcare Policy ◽  
Policy Problems ◽  
Policy Solutions

Using discursive policy analysis, we analyse recent Australian childcare policy reform. By examining the policy framings of two successive governments and a childcare union, we demonstrate how the value of care work was strategically positioned by each of the three actors, constructing differing problems with different policy solutions. We argue that women’s care work was recognised by one government as valuable and professional when it aligned with an educational investment framing of enhanced productivity. This framing was capitalised upon by a union campaign for ‘professional’ wages, resulting in a government childcare worker wage subsidy. However, prior to implementation, a change of government re-framed the problem. The new government cast mandatory quality standards as placing unnecessary financial pressure on families and business. Within this frame, the remedy was to instead subsidise employer staff-development costs without increasing workers’ wages.

Family income and child outcomes in Canada

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 898-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Dooley ◽  
Jennifer Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Child Outcomes

scholarly journals Child Protection and Child Outcomes: Measuring the Effects of Foster Care

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 1583-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph J Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Foster Care ◽  
Juvenile Delinquency ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Teen Motherhood ◽  
Long Term Outcomes

Little is known about the effects of placing children who are abused or neglected into foster care. This paper uses the placement tendency of child protection investigators as an instrumental variable to identify causal effects of foster care on long-term outcomes—including juvenile delinquency, teen motherhood, and employment—among children in Illinois where a rotational assignment process effectively randomizes families to investigators. Large marginal treatment effect estimates suggest caution in the interpretation, but the results suggest that children on the margin of placement tend to have better outcomes when they remain at home, especially older children. (JEL H75, I38, J13)

scholarly journals The effect of education on adult mortality, health, and income: triangulating across genetic and policy reforms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil M Davies ◽  
Matt Dickson ◽  
George Davey Smith ◽  
Frank Windmeijer ◽  
Gerard J van den Berg
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
The Uk

1AbstractOn average, educated people are healthier, wealthier and have higher life expectancy than those with less education. Numerous studies have attempted to determine whether these differences are caused by education, or are merely correlated with it and are ultimately caused by another factor. Previous studies have used a range of natural experiments to provide causal evidence. Here we exploit two natural experiments, perturbation of germline genetic variation associated with education which occurs at conception, known as Mendelian randomization, and a policy reform, the raising of the school leaving age in the UK in 1972. Previous studies have suggested that the differences in outcomes associated with education may be due to confounding. However, the two independent sources of variation we exploit largely imply consistent causal effects of education on outcomes much later in life.

scholarly journals Estimating Moderated Causal Effects with Time-varying Treatments and Time-varying Moderators: Structural Nested Mean Models and Regression with Residuals

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey T. Wodtke ◽  
Daniel Almirall
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Adolescent Childbearing ◽  
Individual Covariates ◽  
Conventional Regression

Individuals differ in how they respond to a particular treatment or exposure, and social scientists are often interested in understanding how treatment effects are moderated by observed characteristics of individuals. Effect moderation occurs when individual covariates dampen or amplify the effect of some exposure. This article focuses on estimating moderated causal effects in longitudinal settings in which both the treatment and effect moderator vary over time. Effect moderation is typically examined using covariate by treatment interactions in regression analyses, but in the longitudinal setting, this approach may be problematic because time-varying moderators of future treatment may be affected by prior treatment—for example, moderators may also be mediators—and naively conditioning on an outcome of treatment in a conventional regression model can lead to bias. This article introduces to sociology moderated intermediate causal effects and the structural nested mean model for analyzing effect moderation in the longitudinal setting. It discusses problems with conventional regression and presents a new approach to estimation (regression with residuals) that avoids these problems. The method is illustrated using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine whether the effects of time-varying exposures to poor neighborhoods on the risk for adolescent childbearing are moderated by time-varying family income.

What Linear Estimators Miss: The Effects of Family Income on Child Outcomes

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrine V Løken ◽  
Magne Mogstad ◽  
Matthew Wiswall
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Marginal Effects ◽  
Linear Estimators ◽  
Nonlinear Iv

We assess the implications of nonlinearity for IV and FE estimation when the estimated model is inappropriately assumed to be linear. Our application is the causal link between family income and child outcomes. Our nonlinear IV and FE estimates show an increasing, concave relationship between family income and children's outcomes. We find that the linear estimators miss the significant effects of family income because they assign little weight to the large marginal effects in the lower part of the income distribution. We also show that the linear IV and FE estimates differ primarily because of different weighting of marginal effects. (JEL C26, D14, J12, J13)

scholarly journals Unequal Families, Unequal Effects: How Parental Divorce Differentially Impacts Children's Educational Attainment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie Brand ◽  
Ravaris Moore ◽  
Xi Song ◽  
Yu Xie
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Parental Divorce ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Children's Education ◽  
Family Disruption ◽  
Psychosocial Skills ◽  
Children’S Education ◽  
Lower Educational Attainment

A substantial literature suggests that family disruption leads to lower educational attainment among children. We focus on how the effects of parental divorce on children’s education differ across families with varying likelihoods of disruption. Using U.S. panel data, with careful attention to the assumptions and methods needed to estimate total and mediating causal effects, we find a significant effect of parental divorce on educational attainment among children whose parents were unlikely to divorce, for whom divorce was thus a relative shock. We find no effect among children whose parents were likely to divorce and for whom divorce was one of many disadvantages, and thus less economically and socially disruptive. We also find that the observed effect of divorce on children’s education is strongly mediated by post-divorce family income. Children’s psychosocial skills also explain a portion of the effect among children with a low propensity for parental divorce, while cognitive skills play no role in explaining the negative association between divorce and children’s education. Our results suggest that family disruption does not uniformly disrupt children’s attainment.

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