Antibacterial activity of bioceramic coatings on Mg and its alloys created by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO): A review

Patients receiving orthopedic implants are at risk of implant-associated infections (IAI). A growing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria threaten to hamper the treatment of IAI. The focus has, therefore, shifted towards the development of implants with intrinsic antibacterial activity to prevent the occurrence of infection. The use of Ag, Cu, and Zn has gained momentum as these elements display strong antibacterial behavior and target a wide spectrum of bacteria. In order to incorporate these elements into the surface of titanium-based bone implants, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) has been widely investigated as a single-step process that can biofunctionalize these (highly porous) implant surfaces. Here, we present a systematic review of the studies published between 2009 until 2020 on the biomaterial properties, antibacterial behavior, and biocompatibility of titanium implants biofunctionalized by PEO using Ag, Cu, and Zn. We observed that 100% of surfaces bearing Ag (Ag-surfaces), 93% of surfaces bearing Cu (Cu-surfaces), 73% of surfaces bearing Zn (Zn-surfaces), and 100% of surfaces combining Ag, Cu, and Zn resulted in a significant (i.e., >50%) reduction of bacterial load, while 13% of Ag-surfaces, 10% of Cu-surfaces, and none of Zn or combined Ag, Cu, and Zn surfaces reported cytotoxicity against osteoblasts, stem cells, and immune cells. A majority of the studies investigated the antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Important areas for future research include the biofunctionalization of additively manufactured porous implants and surfaces combining Ag, Cu, and Zn. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of such implants should be determined in assays focused on prevention, rather than the treatment of IAIs. These implants should be tested using appropriate in vivo bone infection models capable of assessing whether titanium implants biofunctionalized by PEO with Ag, Cu, and Zn can contribute to protect patients against IAI.

Download Full-text

On the enhanced antibacterial activity of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings that incorporate particles: A review

Ceramics International ◽

10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.05.206 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (13) ◽

pp. 20587-20607 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Arash Fattah-alhosseini ◽

Maryam Molaei ◽

Navid Attarzadeh ◽

Kazem Babaei ◽

Faridreza Attarzadeh

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation ◽

Electrolytic Oxidation ◽

Plasma Electrolytic ◽

Peo Coatings

Download Full-text

Antibacterial activity of a porous silver doped TiO2 coating on titanium substrates synthesized by plasma electrolytic oxidation

Applied Surface Science ◽

10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144235 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 500 ◽

pp. 144235 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Monica Thukkaram ◽

Pieter Cools ◽

Anton Nikiforov ◽

Petra Rigole ◽

Tom Coenye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation ◽

Tio2 Coating ◽

Doped Tio2 ◽

Electrolytic Oxidation ◽

Porous Silver ◽

Plasma Electrolytic ◽

Titanium Substrates

Download Full-text

Bioactivity and biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite-based bioceramic coatings on zirconium by plasma electrolytic oxidation

Materials Science and Engineering C ◽

10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.012 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 71 ◽

pp. 1020-1027 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Salim Levent Aktuğ ◽

Salih Durdu ◽

Emine Yalçın ◽

Kültigin Çavuşoğlu ◽

Metin Usta

Keyword(s):

Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation ◽

Electrolytic Oxidation ◽

Plasma Electrolytic ◽

Bioceramic Coatings

Download Full-text

Surface characterization of bioceramic coatings on Zr and its alloys using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO): A review

Surfaces and Interfaces ◽

10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101283 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 101283

Author(s):

Arash Fattah-alhosseini ◽

Razieh Chaharmahali ◽

Mohsen K. Keshavarz ◽

Kazem Babaei

Keyword(s):

Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation ◽

Surface Characterization ◽

Electrolytic Oxidation ◽

Plasma Electrolytic ◽

Bioceramic Coatings

Download Full-text

Preparation and Microstructure of Layered Hydroxyapatite Nanorods on Bioceramic Coatings Using Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Technique

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.609-610.68 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 609-610 ◽

pp. 68-71

Author(s):

Ying Li ◽

Qin Wang ◽

Jian Hong Fang ◽

Qing Gao ◽

Ming Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation ◽

Element Composition ◽

Biomedical Materials ◽

Electrolytic Oxidation ◽

Electric Parameters ◽

Plasma Electrolytic ◽

Titanium Substrates ◽

Bioceramic Coatings

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) has been one of the most applicable methods to deposit bioceramic coating on an implant and can provide the possibility for incorporating Ca and P ions. In this study, the titanium substrates were oxidized by optimized electric parameters for 5, 10, 15 and 20 mins respectively during PEO process, to analyze the effect of varied oxidation intensity on the microstructure, phase and element composition of the treated coatings. The results show that the PEO coating of 15 min exhibited excellent advantages of creating favorable microstructure, phase and element composition, and could promote the formation of nanoHA on the treated coating, as a result of some HA nanorods deposited on the surface after 7 days immersion in SBF. The PEO technique proved to be another choice to enhance the bioactivity of titanium and the coating could facilitate the precipitation of nanoHA to functionalize the biomedical materials.

Download Full-text

Comparative antibacterial activity of 2D materials coated on the porous-titania

Journal of Materials Chemistry B ◽

10.1039/d1tb01122g ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Arash Mazinani ◽

Hadi Rastin ◽

Md Julker Nine ◽

James Lee ◽

Alexandra Tikhomirova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation ◽

2D Materials ◽

Titanium Implants ◽

Porous Titania ◽

Electrolytic Oxidation ◽

Plasma Electrolytic ◽

Established Technique

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a well-established technique for the treatment of titanium-based materials. The formed titania-PEO surface can improve the osseointegration properties of titanium implants. Nevertheless, it can not...

Download Full-text

Creation of Bioceramic Coatings on the Surface of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Followed by Gas Detonation Spraying

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings11121433 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1433

Author(s):

Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov ◽

Daryn Baizhan

Keyword(s):

Titanium Alloy ◽

Phase Composition ◽

Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Detonation Spraying ◽

Gas Detonation ◽

Electrolytic Oxidation ◽

Plasma Electrolytic ◽

Gas Detonation Spraying ◽

Bioceramic Coatings

In this work, bioceramic coatings were formed on Ti6Al4V titanium alloy using a combined technique of plasma electrolytic oxidation followed by gas detonation spraying of calcium phosphate ceramics, based on hydroxyapatite. Plasma electrolytic oxidation was carried out in electrolytes with various chemical compositions, and the effect of electrolytes on the macro and microstructure, pore size and phase composition of coatings was estimated. Three types of electrolytes based on sodium compounds were used: phosphate, hydroxide, and silicate. Plasma electrolytic oxidation of the Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy was carried out at a fixed DC voltage (270 V) for 5 min. The sample morphology and phase composition were studied with a scanning electron microscope and an X-ray diffractometer. According to the results, the most homogeneous structure with lower porousness and many crystalline anatase phases was obtained in the coating prepared in the silicate-based electrolyte. A hydroxyapatite layer was obtained on the surface of the oxide layer using detonation spraying. It was determined that the appearance of α-tricalcium phosphate phases is characteristic for detonation spraying of hydroxyapatite, but the hydroxyapatite phase is retained in the coating composition. Raman spectroscopy results indicate that hydroxyapatite is the main phase in the coatings.

Download Full-text