Dedifferentiation of radial glia-like cells is observed in in vitro explants of holothurian radial nerve cord

2021 ◽  
pp. 109358
Author(s):  
Eduardo Quesada-Díaz ◽  
Paola Figueroa-Delgado ◽  
Raúl García-Rosario ◽  
Angel Sirfa ◽  
José E. García-Arrarás
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Radial Nerve ◽  
Radial Glia

scholarly journals Setting Up an In Vitro System for Echinoderm Radial Nerve Cord Explants

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Andres Quesada Díaz ◽  
Paola Figueroa‐Delgado ◽  
Christian Castro‐Ruiz ◽  
José E. García‐Arrarás
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Radial Nerve ◽  
In Vitro System

scholarly journals Cell type resolved co-expression networks of core clock genes in brain development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surbhi Sharma ◽  
Asgar Hussain Ansari ◽  
Soundhar Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Developing Brain ◽  
Knock Out

AbstractThe circadian clock regulates vital cellular processes by adjusting the physiology of the organism to daily changes in the environment. Rhythmic transcription of core Clock Genes (CGs) and their targets regulate these processes at the cellular level. Circadian clock disruption has been observed in people with neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Also, ablation of CGs during development has been shown to affect neurogenesis in both in vivo and in vitro models. Previous studies on the function of CGs in the brain have used knock-out models of a few CGs. However, a complete catalog of CGs in different cell types of the developing brain is not available and it is also tedious to obtain. Recent advancements in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has revealed novel cell types and elusive dynamic cell states of the developing brain. In this study by using publicly available single-cell transcriptome datasets we systematically explored CGs-coexpressing networks (CGs-CNs) during embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Our meta-analysis reveals CGs-CNs in human embryonic radial glia, neurons and also in lesser studied non-neuronal cell types of the developing brain.

Wall substructure of microtubules polymerized in vitro from tubulin of crayfish nerve cord and fixed with tannic acid

1979 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
G.B. Pierson ◽  
P.R. Burton ◽  
R.H. Himes
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cells ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Nerve Cords

Microtubules of axons of crayfish nerve cord normally have 12 wall protofilaments and microtubules of surrounding glial cells have 13 protofilaments. Tubulin was isolated from such nerve cords and polymerized in vitro; tannic acid staining of sedimented microtubules showed that microtubules with 12 and 13 wall protofilaments were present, suggesting that the ability to form a microtubule with a given number of protofilaments is inherent in the tubulin or its associated proteins. The temperature of polymerization was found to influence the number of protofilaments in resultant microtubules. With assembly at 20 degrees C, for example, most of the complete microtubules had 13 protofilaments, while at 40 degrees C most showed 10 protofilaments. It is suggested that the temperature of in vitro polymerization, among other factors, can influence the angle of binding between adjacent protofilaments and thus alter the number of protofilaments required to complete the circumference of the tubule.

scholarly journals Expression of the neuropeptide SALMFamide-1 during regeneration of the seastar radial nerve cord following arm autotomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1901) ◽  
pp. 20182701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Byrne ◽  
Franca Mazzone ◽  
Maurice R. Elphick ◽  
Michael C. Thorndyke ◽  
Paula Cisternas
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Radial Nerve ◽  
Model System ◽  
Rapid Recovery ◽  
Nerve Stump ◽  
Rapid Access ◽  
Migratory Cells ◽  
Rapid Appearance

Arm loss through a separation at a specialized autotomy plane in echinoderms is inextricably linked to regeneration, but the link between these phenomena is poorly explored. We investigated nervous system regeneration post-autotomy in the asteriid seastar Coscinasterias muricata , focusing on the reorganization of the radial nerve cord (RNC) into the ectoneural neuroepithelium and neuropile, and the hyponeural region, using antibodies to the seastar-specific neuropeptide SALMFamide-1 (S1). Parallel changes in the associated haemal and coelomic vessels were also examined. A new arm bud appeared in 3–5 days with regeneration over three weeks. At the nerve stump and in the RNC immediately behind, the haemal sinus/hyponeural coelomic compartments enlarged into a hypertrophied space filled with migratory cells that appear to be involved in wound healing and regeneration. The haemal and coelomic compartments provided a conduit for these cells to gain rapid access to the regeneration site. An increase in the number of glia-like cells indicates the importance of these cells in regeneration. Proximal to the autotomy plane, the original RNC exhibited Wallerian-type degeneration, as seen in disorganized axons and enlarged S1-positive varicosities. The imperative to regrow lost arms quickly is reflected in the efficiency of regeneration from the autotomy plane facilitated by the rapid appearance of progenitor-like migratory cells. In parallel to its specialization for defensive arm detachment, the autotomy plane appears to be adapted to promote regeneration. This highlights the importance of examining autotomy-induced regeneration in seastars as a model system to study nervous system regeneration in deuterostomes and the mechanisms involved with the massive migration of stem-like cells to facilitate rapid recovery.

scholarly journals A 295-kDA intermediate filament-associated protein in radial glia and developing muscle cells in vivo and in vitro

2000 ◽  
Vol 219 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grazyna Chanas-Sacr� ◽  
Marc Thiry ◽  
Sandrine Pirard ◽  
Bernard Rogister ◽  
Gustave Moonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Filament ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Developing Muscle

scholarly journals Establishment of Long-Term Primary Cortical Neuronal Cultures From Neonatal Opossum Monodelphis domestica

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonela Petrović ◽  
Jelena Ban ◽  
Ivana Tomljanović ◽  
Marta Pongrac ◽  
Matea Ivaničić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radial Glia ◽  
Monodelphis Domestica ◽  
Neuronal Cultures ◽  
South American ◽  
Cns Development ◽  
Early Postnatal Development ◽  
Glia Cells

Primary dissociated neuronal cultures have become a standard model for studying central nervous system (CNS) development. Such cultures are predominantly prepared from the hippocampus or cortex of rodents (mice and rats), while other mammals are less used. Here, we describe the establishment and extensive characterization of the primary dissociated neuronal cultures derived from the cortex of the gray South American short-tailed opossums, Monodelphis domestica. Opossums are unique in their ability to fully regenerate their CNS after an injury during their early postnatal development. Thus, we used cortex of postnatal day (P) 3–5 opossum to establish long-surviving and nearly pure neuronal cultures, as well as mixed cultures composed of radial glia cells (RGCs) in which their neurogenic and gliogenic potential was confirmed. Both types of cultures can survive for more than 1 month in vitro. We also prepared neuronal cultures from the P16–18 opossum cortex, which were composed of astrocytes and microglia, in addition to neurons. The long-surviving opossum primary dissociated neuronal cultures represent a novel mammalian in vitro platform particularly useful to study CNS development and regeneration.

scholarly journals Comparison of regenerative neurogenesis in response to CNS injury between adult zebrafish and mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Kuan-En Chung
Keyword(s):  
Radial Glia ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Protection Mechanism ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Difference

The difference between adult zebrafish and mice in their regenerative capacity following central nervous system (CNS) injury is influenced by the permissiveness of the brain microenvironment aside from the intrinsic neurogenic potential of the cell population. In adult zebrafish, glia cells largely retain their radial characteristics and neurogenic capacity, and the zebrafish brain shows full recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as spinal cord injury (SCI). Conversely, in mice, radial glia (RG) have largely differentiated into astrocytes. Excluding certain brain regions, following TBI, reactive astrocytes that show the potential to become neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro remain strictly non-neurogenic in vivo due to the presence of inhibitory factors in the microenvironment. Combined with prolonged inflammation and gliosis, injury to the CNS eventually results in formation of a glial scar further impeding regeneration. However in rodents, suppression of neurogenesis may be a protection mechanism against possible detrimental side-effects of neurogenesis in the long term.

scholarly journals Subacute Transplantation of Native and Genetically Engineered Neural Progenitors Seeded on Microsphere Scaffolds Promote Repair and Functional Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury

ASN NEURO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 175909141983018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nolan B. Skop ◽  
Sweta Singh ◽  
Henri Antikainen ◽  
Chaitali Saqcena ◽  
Frances Calderon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Neural Progenitors ◽  
Functional Improvement

There is intense interest and effort toward regenerating the brain after severe injury. Stem cell transplantation after insult to the central nervous system has been regarded as the most promising approach for repair; however, engrafting cells alone might not be sufficient for effective regeneration. In this study, we have compared neural progenitors (NPs) from the fetal ventricular zone (VZ), the postnatal subventricular zone, and an immortalized radial glia (RG) cell line engineered to conditionally secrete the trophic factor insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Upon differentiation in vitro, the VZ cells were able to generate a greater number of neurons than subventricular zone cells. Furthermore, differentiated VZ cells generated pyramidal neurons . In vitro, doxycycline-driven secretion of IGF-1 strongly promoted neuronal differentiation of cells with hippocampal, interneuron and cortical specificity. Accordingly, VZ and engineered RG-IGF-1-hemagglutinin (HA) cells were selected for subsequent in vivo experiments. To increase cell survival, we delivered the NPs attached to a multifunctional chitosan-based scaffold. The microspheres containing adherent NPs were injected subacutely into the lesion cavity of adult rat brains that had sustained controlled cortical impact injury. At 2 weeks posttransplantation, the exogenously introduced cells showed a reduction in stem cell or progenitor markers and acquired mature neuronal and glial markers. In beam walking tests assessing sensorimotor recovery, transplanted RG cells secreting IGF-1 contributed significantly to functional improvement while native VZ or RG cells did not promote significant recovery. Altogether, these results support the therapeutic potential of chitosan-based multifunctional microsphere scaffolds seeded with genetically modified NPs expressing IGF-1 to promote repair and functional recovery after traumatic brain injuries.

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