Body Fat and Bone Mineral Content of Infants Fed Breast Milk, Cow's Milk Formula, or Soy Formula during the First Year of Life

To the Editor.— In June 1992, the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended that if breast-feeding is not possible then an infant formula is the appropriate alternative, and that cow's milk is not suitable as an alternative to breast milk for the first year of life.1 We agree with this recommendation and with the rationale included in the June 1992 statement. In lieu of the recent evidence that cow's milk protein may be implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus,2 we believe that the Committee on Nutrition should clarify whether cow's milk is ever appropriate for children and whether or not infant formulas that are based on cow's milk protein are appropriate alternatives to breast milk.

Download Full-text

Developmental Status of 1-Year-Old Infants Fed Breast Milk, Cow's Milk Formula, or Soy Formula

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.2011-3121d ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 129 (6) ◽

pp. X16-X16

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Developmental Status ◽

Cow's Milk

Download Full-text

Gastroduodenal Motility in Neonates: Response to Human Milk Compared With Cow's Milk Formula

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.80.3.434 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 80 (3) ◽

pp. 434-438

Author(s):

T. Tomomasa ◽

P. E. Hyman ◽

K. Itoh ◽

J. Y. Hsu ◽

T. Koizumi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Infant Formula ◽

High Amplitude ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Wave Form ◽

Fasting State ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Gastroduodenal Motility

It is known that breast milk empties more quickly from the stomach than does infant formula. We studied the difference in gastroduodenal motility between neonates fed with human milk and those fed with infant formula. Twenty-four five-to 36-day-old neonates were fed with mother's breast milk or with a cow's milk-based formula. Postprandlial gastroduodenal contractions were recorded manometrically for three hours. Repetitive, high-amplitude nonmigrating contractions were the dominant wave form during the postprandial period. The number of episodes, duration, amplitude, and frequency of nonmigrating contractions were not different following the different feedings. The migrating myoelectric complex, which signals a return to the interdigestive (fasting) state, appeared in 75% of breast milk-fed infants but only 17% of formula-fed infants (P < .05) within the three-hour recording period. Because contractions were similar following the two meals, but a fasting state recurred more rapidly in breast-fed infants, we conclude that factors other than phasic, nonpropagated antroduodenal contractions were responsible for the differences in gastric emptying between breast milk and formula.

Download Full-text

Health Hazards of Cow's Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.76.6.1022 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 76 (6) ◽

pp. 1022-1023

Author(s):

FRANK A. OSKI

Keyword(s):

Feeding Practices ◽

Health Hazards ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

First Year ◽

International Debate ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Whole Milk ◽

The World ◽

First Year Of Life

In Reply.— An exchange of letters in a journal is an unsatisfactory forum to conduct an international debate but I feel compelled to respond to the correspondence of Professor Tönz. Professor Tönz expresses concern that my remarks may be interpreted as "recommending the abolishment of feeding practices that have developed over the centuries..." Are the feeding practices that Professor Tönz has in mind the introduction of whole cow's milk before the infant is 1 year of age or the use of whole milk after the first year of life? Neither practice has been in place for centuries "all over the world."

Download Full-text

P1569ADIPONECTIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECLINE IS SKELETAL MUSCLE MASS AND BONE MINERAL CONTENT IN PATIENTS ON HEMODIALYSIS

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation ◽

10.1093/ndt/gfaa142.p1569 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽

Author(s):

Hiroshi Ogawa ◽

Toshimitsu Koga ◽

Daisuke Fuwa ◽

Hirofumi Tamaki ◽

Takayuki Nanbu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Bone Mineral Content ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Body Fat Mass ◽

Total Plasma

Abstract Background and Aims Patients on hemodialysis are prone to undernutrition, malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis (MIA) syndrome, and protein-energy wasting (PEW). One of the major adipocytokines adiponectin (ADPN) is involved in anti-arteriosclerotic and anti-inflammatory processes. However, ADPN is implicated in muscle weakness and loss of muscle mass in the elderly in addition to sarcopenia. At the 2019 ERA-EDTA Congress, we announced that total plasma ADPN levels in patients on hemodialysis (HD) showed a significant inverse correlation with BMI, body fat in percentage, mass and estimated skeletal muscle mass, and ADPN may be involved in sarcopenia in patients on HD. Herein, we investigated the association of ADPN level with sarcopenia in patients on HD using a method different from the one used in our previous study. We examined the relationship between total plasma ADPN level and the rate of change in estimated skeletal muscle mass, bone mineral content, and body fat mass over 5 years after the plasma ADPN measurement. Furthermore, we analyzed whether an elevated ADPN level was predictive of a subsequent decline in these parameters. Method Total plasma ADPN levels were measured using ELISA (Bio Vendor-Laboratorni Medicina a.s., Czech Republic) in 42 male patients on HD (age: 51.1 ± 9.0 years, dialysis vintage: 144.8 ± 99.2 months, BMI: 21.8 ± 3.2, dry BW: 62.0 ± 10.9 kg, dialysis time: 15.6 ± 3.1 hours/week). The estimates of skeletal muscle mass, bone mineral content, and body fat mass were made using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MFBIA) within the same year when total plasma ADPN level were first measured in 2011 as well as in 2016. We then calculated the rates of change in the estimated skeletal muscle mass, bone mineral content, and body fat mass over the 5 years and correlated these parameters with the total plasma ADPN measurements. Results Conclusion Total plasma ADPN levels inversely correlate with larger rates of decrease in estimated skeletal muscle mass and bone mineral content in patients on HD. This suggests that ADPN may play a role in the decline in skeletal muscle mass and bone mineral content over time in patients on HD.

Download Full-text