The microstructure of white matter in male to female transsexuals before cross-sex hormonal treatment. A DTI study

On the basis of the records of subjects undergoing cross-gender hormonal treatment at the only gender treatment centre in the Netherlands, the prevalence of transsexualism was assessed over the years 1976–1986. In 1980, the prevalence was 1:45 000 for male-to-female and 1:200 000 for female-to-male transsexuals. In 1986 the prevalence for male-to-female transsexuals was 1:18 000, and for female-to-male transsexuals, 1:54 000. The increased prevalence is apparently due to a lower threshold for applying for medical treatment rather than to a true increase in the prevalence. Nevertheless, the calculated prevalence is higher than hitherto recorded. The ratio of male-to-female compared with female-to-male transsexuals was found to remain constant at 3:1.

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Venous and arterial thrombo-embolic complications of hormonal treatment in a male-to-female transgender patient

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience ◽

10.1016/j.jocn.2007.02.092 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 714-716 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G.M. Mullins ◽

S.S. O’Sullivan ◽

J. Kinsella ◽

D. McEnroy ◽

D. Crimmins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hormonal Treatment ◽

Male To Female ◽

Transgender Patient

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Cortical activation during mental rotation in male-to-female and female-to-male transsexuals under hormonal treatment

Psychoneuroendocrinology ◽

10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.02.010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 35 (8) ◽

pp. 1213-1222 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Beatriz Carrillo ◽

Esther Gómez-Gil ◽

Giuseppina Rametti ◽

Carme Junque ◽

Ángel Gomez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Rotation ◽

Hormonal Treatment ◽

Cortical Activation ◽

Male To Female

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The effects of sex-steroid administration on the pituitary–thyroid axis in transsexuals

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje.1.02192 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 155 (1) ◽

pp. 11-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Peter H Bisschop ◽

Arno W Toorians ◽

Erik Endert ◽

Wilmar M Wiersinga ◽

Louis J Gooren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Steroids ◽

Ethinyl Estradiol ◽

Hormonal Treatment ◽

Pituitary Thyroid Axis ◽

Thyroid Axis ◽

Transdermal Estradiol ◽

17Β Estradiol ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Design And Methods ◽

Male To Female

Objective: Estrogen and androgen administration modulate the pituitary–thyroid axis through alterations in thyroid hormone-binding globulin (TBG) metabolism, but the effects of sex steroids on extrathyroidal thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) conversion in humans are unknown. Design and methods: We studied 36 male-to-female and 14 female-to-male euthyroid transsexuals at baseline and after 4 months of hormonal treatment. Male-to-female transsexuals were treated with cyproterone acetate (CA) 100 mg/day alone (n=10) or in combination with either oral ethinyl estradiol (or-EE) 100 μg/day (n=14) or transdermal 17β-estradiol (td-E) 100 μg twice a week (n=12). Female-to-male transsexuals were treated with i.m. testosterone 250 mg twice a week. A t-test was used to test for differences within groups and ANOVAwith post hoc analysis to test for differences between the groups. Results: Or-EE increased TBG (100 ± 12%, P<.001) and testosterone decreased TBG (−14 ± 4%, P =0.01), but free T4 did not change. Td-E and CA did not affect TBG concentrations. TSH was not different between groups at baseline or after treatment. CA decreased T3/T4 ratios (−9 ± 3%, P=0.04), suggesting that T4 to T3 conversion was lower. Testosterone increased T3/T4 ratios (30 ± 9%, P=0.02), which probably reflects higher T4 to T3 conversion. Conclusion: Oral but not transdermal estradiol increases TBG, whereas testosterone lowers TBG. Testosterone increases T3/T4 ratios. Estradiol does not affect T3/T4 ratios, irrespective of the route of administration.

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Pituitary Adenomas in Transgender Individuals?

Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology ◽

10.1093/jnen/nlz118 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

pp. 62-66

Author(s):

Bette K Kleinschmidt-DeMasters

Keyword(s):

Hormone Therapy ◽

Pituitary Adenomas ◽

Hormonal Treatment ◽

High Dose ◽

Chronic Hypertension ◽

Gender Transition ◽

Pituitary Mass ◽

Tissue Specimens ◽

Almost All ◽

Male To Female

Abstract Transgender individuals may receive long-term hormonal treatment as part of their sexual transition; limited literature has suggested that they consequently may be predisposed to development of prolactinomas. We questioned whether we had encountered such cases. Pathology databases were searched for the years 2000–2019 for tissue specimens from transgender individuals; Sixty surgical specimens from 58 individuals and 8 cytology specimens were identified. Two of these 60 were pituitary adenomas, neither of which were lactotroph adenomas (prolactinomas).The first occurred in a 71-year-old transgender male-to-female who had undergone high-dose hormone therapy, followed by orchiectomy 30 years prior. Chronic hypertension, dizziness, and vertigo prompted an endocrine workup which revealed elevated IGF-1 and prolactin; The pituitary mass proved to be a mixed somatotroph/lactotroph adenoma. The second occurred in a 53-year-old transgender male-to-female who was being evaluated by an endocrinologist prior to initiating hormone therapy for transition when a slightly elevated prolactin level was discovered. This pituitary macroadenoma proved to be a gonadotroph adenoma. The most common surgical specimens were 33 bilateral mastectomies, 13 hysterectomies, and 4 orchiectomies, almost all for gender transition purposes rather than medical conditions. Pathologists may wish to be aware of the occurrence of pituitary adenomas in transgender individuals, although the incidence is quite low.

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