Opioid analgesics, when taken as prescribed, are effective therapeutic options that provide pain relief for moderate to severe pain. The use of opioids in the treatment of pain has been increasing in the U.S. at an alarming rate, possibly contributing to the simultaneous rise in opioid abuse. Emergency departments play a major role in managing patients who present in pain, with approximately 10% of all opioid analgesic prescriptions written in hospital emergency departments. It is estimated that dental pain patients represent between 0.3-4% of the overall patient emergency department workload. Yet, the literature suggests that many of these physicians may not have sufficient training in handling dentofacial emergencies. The goal of this study was to systematically review the available literature on the topics of: 1) emergency department physicians’ training related to treating dental pain patients, and 2) the frequency in which they prescribe opioid medications to these patients. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted among publications from 1985-2014 in the databases PubMed, Ovid, and Science Citation Index. The following search terms were used in this systematic literature review in order to identify the available literature of interest: “opioid and dental and emergency departments,” “dental pain and drug abuse,” “ER physicians and dental pain,” “ER physicians and drug abuse,” and “dental pain and emergency departments.” Publications in any language or country were considered, as well as editorials and commentaries. Findings: A total of 769 publications were identified. Seventeen publications met the criteria for inclusion. Eight studies commented on the emergency department physicians’ perceived “lack of training” in handling dentofacial emergencies and found that the majority of this group did not feel comfortable in managing dental patients. Nine studies assessed the frequency in which physicians prescribe pain medications to dental patients. Within these 9 studies, 5 specifically reported that between 29.6% and 81% of dental patients treated, received an “opioid” or a “narcotic” upon discharge. The remaining 4 studies in this group instead used non-specific terms that included “prescription medications,” “analgesics,” “pain medicine,” and “pharmacotherapy” to describe their findings and did not particularly report opioid prescribing trends. Of those publications rejected, 9 addressed the topic of dental pain patients presenting to non-dental providers, but did not include data that met the criteria related to emergency department prescribing frequency or physician training. Conclusions: This review of the literature suggests that emergency department physicians’ training level in treating dentofacial pain is less than ideal. It also confirms that individuals presenting to emergency departments with dental pain are a subset of the population of patients who are prescribed opioids as an analgesic. Coupling these results with the increased use of opioids in this country, dentists are in a key position to collaborate with emergency department physicians to help positively affect change. To further justify this approach, research agendas must carefully monitor prescribing patterns for dentofacial pain in the emergency department that are specific to opioid use, carefully excluding other non-narcotic analgesics. Should comparable outcomes of data related to the same topic in other non-dental settings exist, additional areas in medicine that may benefit from this partnership may also be identified. Moving forward, this interprofessional team approach may include a presence in medical school and residency program curricula so that alternative treatment options for addressing dental pain patients can be presented that consider the increased prescribing trends of opioids.
The Economic Burden of Bipolar Disorder in the United States: A Systematic Literature Review
