Urban form revisited—Selecting indicators for characterising European cities

2010 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
European Cities

Energy and urban form. The growth of European cities on the basis of night-time brightness

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oriol Nel·lo ◽  
Joan López ◽  
Jordi Martín ◽  
Joan Checa
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Night Time ◽  
European Cities

scholarly journals Urban Morphological Controls on Surface Thermal Dynamics: A Comparative Assessment of Major European Cities with a Focus on Athens, Greece

Climate ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Ilias Agathangelidis ◽  
Constantinos Cartalis ◽  
Mat Santamouris
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Urban Surface ◽  
Thermal Dynamics ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Surface Parameters ◽  
European Cities ◽  
The City

Variations in urban form lead to the development of distinctive intra-urban surface thermal patterns. Previous assessment of the relation between urban structure and satellite-based Land Surface Temperature (LST) has generally been limited to single-city cases. Here, examining 25 European cities (June–August 2017), we estimated the statistical association between surface parameters—the impervious fraction (λimp), the building fraction (λb), and the building height (H)—and the neighborhood scale (1000 × 1000 m) LST variations, as captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Correlation analysis, multiple linear regression, and spatial regression were used. As expected, λimp had a consistent positive influence on LSTs. In contrast, the relation of LST with λb and H was generally weaker or negative in the daytime, whereas at night it shifted to a robust positive effect. In particular, daytime LSTs of densely built, high-rise European districts tended to have lower values. This was especially the case for the city of Athens, Greece, where a more focused analysis was conducted, using further surface parameters and the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) scheme. For the urban core of the city, the canyon aspect ratio H/W had a statistically significant (p <0.01) negative relationship with LST by day (Spearman’s rho = −0.68) and positive during nighttime (rho = 0.45). The prevailing intra-urban surface thermal variability in Athens was well reproduced by a 5-day numerical experiment using the meteorological Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) model and a modified urban parameterization scheme. Although the simulation resulted in some systematic errors, the overall accuracy of the model was adequate, regarding the surface temperature (RMSE = 2.4 K) and the near-surface air temperature (RMSE = 1.7 K) estimations.

scholarly journals Smooth integration of transport infrastructure into urban space

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1379
Author(s):  
Anastasios Mouratidis
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Traffic Monitoring ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Motorized Transport ◽  
New Infrastructure

Municipal authorities in industrialized and in developing countries face unceasingly the issues of congestion, insufficiency of transport means capacity, poor operability of transport systems and a growing demand for reliable and effective urban transport. While the expansion of infrastructure is generally considered as an undesirable option, in specific cases, when short links or ring roads are missing, new infrastructure projects may provide beneficial solutions. The upgrading and renewal of existing networks is always a challenge to the development of a modern city and the welfare of citizens. Central governance and management of transport systems, the establishment of smart and digital infrastructure, advanced surveillance and traffic monitoring, and intra-city energy-harvesting policy are some of the steps to be taken during the transition to a green and sustainable urban future.Municipal authorities have also to consider other options and strategies to create a citizen-friendly setting for mobility: diminish the need for trips (digitalization of services, e-commerce, etc.), shift from private to public transport and transform the urban form to promote non-motorized transport in favor of the natural environment and public health. A citizen-friendly policy based on the anticipation of future needs and technological development seems to be a requisite for European cities searching for a smooth integration of their networks into urban space.

scholarly journals Structure of Plot Systems and Economic Activity in Cities: Linking Plot Types to Retail and Food Services in London, Amsterdam and Stockholm

Urban Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeniya Bobkova ◽  
Lars Marcus ◽  
Meta Berghauser Pont ◽  
Ioanna Stavroulaki ◽  
David Bolin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Food Services ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Spatial Form ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Regular Shape ◽  
Initial Hypothesis

Plot systems (also referred to as “property”, “parcel”, or “lot”) are generally recognised as the organisational framework of urban form that contributes to the economic performance of cities. However, studies that link the spatial form of plots to economic data are limited. The paper builds on the theory of Webster and Lai, which argues that the process of urbanisation is aligned with increased subdivision of property rights (increased division of land into plots, for example) due to the process of economic specialisation that is typical of cities. The aim of the paper is to test this theory by analysing whether there is a correlation between: (a) the shape and structure of plot systems, which are classified as types based on three plot metrics (size, compactness, and frontage index) and b) economic activity, measured as the concentration of retail and food activities per plot. The paper will use statistical analysis to relate plot types to economic activity in three European cities (London, Amsterdam, and Stockholm). The results provide empirical support for our initial hypothesis and Webster and Lai’s theory, which states that plots of smaller size, more regular shape, and smaller frontage generally correspond to a higher concentration of economic activity in cities.

Comparing the urban form of South European cities using fractal dimensions

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1149-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apostolos Lagarias ◽  
Poulicos Prastacos
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Binary Images ◽  
Soil Sealing ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Relative Ranking ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
D Values ◽  
Mediterranean France

This paper compares built-up patterns and the urban form of South European cities using fractal dimensions. Fractal dimensions (D) are estimated in two different ways: (a) using binary images with information only on the built-up and non-built-up areas and (b) using grayscale images that represent the different built-up densities. The Urban Atlas and the Imperviousness-Soil Sealing Degree datasets are used to compute fractal dimensions for the 14 cities in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece and the Mediterranean France with a population exceeding one million. The results indicate that differences in urban form are reflected in the fractal dimensions. Fractal dimensions are higher in cities characterized by a relatively continuous and homogeneous sprawl than in cities with elongated urban form or discontinuous development in periurban areas. In Spanish cities urban development is fragmented with clustered and contrasted patterns and this leads to lower fractal dimensions. In Italian and Portuguese cities, development follows relatively homogeneous patterns and D values are significantly higher. Other key findings of the research indicate that: (a) grayscale fractal dimensions are lower than the corresponding binary ones, nonetheless the relative ranking of the cities according to D remains about the same regardless of the method used and (b) fractal dimensions are highly correlated to the average built-up density.

Modernism, Space and the City

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Thacker
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Joseph Conrad ◽  
Jean Rhys ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Blaise Cendrars ◽  
Stephen Spender ◽  
Christopher Isherwood ◽  
The City

This innovative book examines the development of modernism in four European cities: London, Paris, Berlin, and Vienna. Focusing upon how literary and cultural outsiders represented various spaces in these cities, it draws upon contemporary theories of affect, mood, and literary geography to offer an original account of the geographical emotions of modernism. It considers three broad features of urban modernism: the built environment of the particular cities, such as cafés or transport systems; the cultural institutions of publishing that underpinned the development of modernism in these locations; and the complex perceptions of writers and artists who were outsiders to the four cities. Particular attention is thus given to the transnational qualities of modernism by examining figures whose view of the cities considered is that of migrants, exiles, or strangers. The writers and artists discussed include Mulk Raj Anand, Gwendolyn Bennett, Bryher, Blaise Cendrars, Joseph Conrad, T. S. Eliot, Christopher Isherwood, Hope Mirlees, Noami Mitchison, Jean Rhys, Sam Selon, and Stephen Spender.

Registration of animal rabies in Krasnodar region

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
Oleg Yu. Chernykh ◽  
◽  
Vadim A. Bobrov ◽  
Sergey N. Zabashta ◽  
Roman A. Krivonos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Natural Focus ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Epizootic Process ◽  
Krasnodar Region ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Reporting Data

Rabies remains a constant threat to humanity in many parts of the world. At the same time, scientifically grounded antiepizootic measures should be based on the peculiarities of the regional epizootology of this zooanthroponosis. The authors studied the epizootological and statistical reporting data of the Kropotkin Regional Veterinary Laboratory, presented an analysis of the registration of rabies in animals in Krasnodar region. From the obtained data, it should be noted that despite the wide range of animals involved in the epizootic process of rabies infection in Krasnodar region, dogs, cats and foxes play a major role in the reservation and spread of infection, which account for 78.6. Of the total number of registered cases, 15.5% falls on foxes, that indicates the natural focus of the disease, along with the manifestation of the disease in an urban form. At the same time, stray and neglected dogs and cats, which occupy a significant place among the total number of sick animals, are also sources and spread of the infection. Thus farm animals (8.3% of the total number of infected animals) are a biological dead end for the infection. Isolated cases of the disease were noted in muskrat, donkey, raccoon, raccoon dog, marten, ferret and jackal. The authors also established the specific morbidity of various animal species with rabies infection, that is an important aspect in the development and implementation of antiepizootic measures complex

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