Territorial pattern between outbreaks of ASF among wild and domestic pigs in Ukraine

The article presents the results of the analysis of the epizootic situation in Ukraine regarding African swine fever among domestic and wild pigs from 2012 to 2020 and identifies the main sources of virus spread as well as weak links in the biological safety system of farms. When studying the statistical material of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection regarding animal morbidity, revealed a territorial pattern between the outbreaks of African swine fever among wild boars and domestic pigs of private farms and pig-breeding complexes, and proved the involvement of the European boar in the epizootic process as a natural reservoir and mobile focus of infection. Calculated the number of outbreaks of African swine fever among wild boars and domestic pigs within the same region and district, and studied the sequence of the emergence of foci on limited territories. Analyzed the natural focality of the disease, the probability of infection transmission to the domestic pig farm sector, and the role of infected objects in the spread of the virus among wild animal populations. From 2012 to 2020 inclusive, according to FAO statistics, 537 cases of African swine fever were recorded in Ukraine, 21.7 % of which were associated with wild boars. In 2017 and 2018, the role of the European wild boar in the epizootic process is best reflected, when 10.9 % (2017) and 20.4 % (2018) of outbreaks of African swine fever among domestic animals recorded in the same administrative districts, where during a year this desiase was detected among wild pigs. When analyzing statistical data of the recent years, the effectiveness of introducing more detailed monitoring of African swine fever among wild boars using modern laboratory methods and improving biosafety measures in the private sector and directly on hunting grounds has been proved. Further research is based on predicting the dynamics of the spread of African swine fever in Ukraine and the role of wild boar in this epizootic process. In addition, the role of wild boar in the spread of African swine fever in other countries and the most effective foreign methods of disease control and prevention will be analyzed.

Language Means of Process Category in the English Epizootological Terminology

Introduction. The article analyzes the features of the category of process in epizootological terminology and identifies a set of language tools in English that serve to express this category. The studied category is widely used in epizootological terminology. This is due to the variety of concepts of epizootological science, the number of forms of manifestation of the epizootic process, the evolution of veterinary knowledge, which is reflected in the semantics of terms. The purpose of the article is to study the role of the processes category and its linguistic expression in the epizootiological terminology of the English language. Materials and methods of research. The source base of the work was the terms obtained by the method of continuous sampling from lexicographic sources on epizootology. The main methods used in the study were systematization and categorical analysis of epizootiological terms. Results of the research. It is revealed that the following subcategories of the process are reflected in the veterinary terminology of epizootology: proper processes, states and events. The subcategory "proper processes" represents changes, the distinguishing feature of which is the development over time, duration and mode of the epizootic. Terms that objectify such signs express different types of movement and routes of transmission of infectious disease. The subcategory "state" is a special kind of process characterized by relative staticity. In the studied terminology, the category of condition is presented in the nominations of diseases, as well as physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The subcategory of "event" is represented by epizootological terms that nominate methods of treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. The author characterizes the linguistic means of the category of process in English: specialized morphemes, special vocabulary, syntactic constructions that carry procedural information. Сonclusions. It is determined that the category of process is widely used in epizootological terminology, as it is one of the basic categories used to classify the concepts of epizootology.

Factors and features of manifestation and distribution of rabies on the territory of the Republic of Tuva

The dynamics and features of animal rabies manifestation on the territory of the Republic of Tuva have been studied. In the Republic of Tuva in the period of 1979-2019 outbreaks of rabies were reported in 1979, 1987, 2007-2009, 2012-2014, 2018-2019. There were 79 adverse locations revealed with 127 laboratory confirmed cases of rabies of four species of wild animals, two domestic carnivores and four agricultural animals. For the first time the cause of the outbreak of rabies was the introduction of infection by wild carnivores from adverse neighboring regions and Mongolia. Subsequently, a natural focus of rabies developed on the territory of the region. The epidemic process of rabies proceeded with five waves of intensity exacerbation, which was facilitated by a sharp increase in the population of wild carnivores, especially wolves, as well as an uncontrolled population of stray dogs with the involvement of domestic and farm animals in the epizootic process. The spread of the disease is influenced by the natural and climatic conditions of the region, the traditional distant pasture management of livestock with the movement of livestock to pastures adjacent to the habitat of wild predators. Domestic and farm animals are attacked by predators, most often wolves and foxes. Infection of animals and humans with rabies occurs through bites with saliva. As a result, rabies foci appear in these areas. Zones of high and low degree of epizootic danger and zones free from rabies have been identified on the territory of the Republic of Tuva. The high-risk areas include the steppe and semi-desert territories of the Ubsu-Nur and Tuva depressions. The mountain-taiga Todzhinsky and Tere-Kholsky regions of the eastern zone are classified as areas of low epizootic danger; Pii-Khem and Kaa-Khem regions of the Yenisei basin of the central zone are classified as rabies-free.

Some Peculiarities of Episootic Process during Entorobacteriosis in Small Ruminants on the Territory of the Chechen Republic

Enterobacteriosis in agricultural animals are quite widespread. These are human and animal infectious diseases caused by pathogenic or opportunistic pathogenic representatives of various geni of the Enterobacteriaceae family, that often lead to the death of infected individuals. Enterobacteria capable of causing infectious diseases are widespread in nature, as they are isolated from soil, water, fruit, vegetables, grains, plants, representatives of various systematic groups of animals and humans. Among these microorganisms there is a wide variety of strains that differ by ecological properties, hosts range and pathogenicity for plants, animals and humans. A number of species cause gastrointestinal diseases, i.e. are enteropathogenic. Representatives of 12 geni out of the 30 from the Enterobacteriaceae family - Citrobacter, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Hafnia, Klebsiella, Morganella, Proteus, Providencia, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Yersinia, are responsible for different pathologies in animals. There is lack of research data on the main pathogens diagnostics, peculiarities of the epizootic process at these diseases, the mechanisms of circulation and the species composition. The purpose of the present work is to evaluate the spread of enterobacteriosis and to assess some peculiarities of the epizootic process at these diseases on the territory of the Chechen Republic.

Detecting and predicting risks relayed to spread of natural foci infections on flood-affected territories in Irkutsk region

In summer 2019 in western Irkutsk region abundant and long rainfall caused a catastrophic flood that became a federal emergency. It resulted in a threat that natural infection foci would be activated in that emergency zone; given that, the Irkutsk Anti-plague Institute, together with Rospotrebnadzor territorial offices and regional veterinary authorities, conducted an epizootologic-epidemiologic study on affected territories in order to detect and predict possible epidemiologic risks. Totally, the study covered 30 socially significant objects and natural biotopes in three mu-nicipal districts in the region. We tested blood serum of people (244 samples), farm and home ani-mals (253), and organs taken from caught small mammals aiming at determining natural foci infec-tions in them with bacteriologic, serologic, and PCR procedures; overall. 4,370 examinations were performed. Share of immune people amounted to 13.1% regarding tularemia; 17.5%, tick-borne en-cephalitis; yersiniosis, 10.8%; leptospirosis, 3.1%; tick-borne borreliosis, 7.1%. Antibodies to pathogenic leptospira were detected in 36.0–81.3% farm animals and it can indicate there is a latent epizootic process. In July 2019 there was low population of synanthropic rodents in socially significant objects on affected territories and small mammals population also decreased in natural foci with high contagion rate for tularemia agent (down to 17.9%). In September 2019 rats were detected to inhabit food-related objects and small mammals migrated actively in natural stations, contagion rate with tularemia agent going down among them whereas there was a growth in conta-gion rate with leptospira (up to 40.0%). We also revealed new natural tularemia and leptospirosis foci. Activity in natural infections foci didn’t exceed long-term average level just after the flood; still, there are persisting risks on affected territories in Irkutsk region that an epidemiologic situation might get worse there. The paper contains recommendations on further epizootologic-epidemiologic monitoring and organizing prevention activities such as control over sanitary situation at socially significant objects, local deratization, and sanitation in natural foci of animal leptospirosis.

Detecting and predicting risks relayed to spread of natural foci infections on flood-affected territories in Irkutsk region

In summer 2019 in western Irkutsk region abundant and long rainfall caused a catastrophic flood that became a federal emergency. It resulted in a threat that natural infection foci would be activated in that emergency zone; given that, the Irkutsk Anti-plague Institute, together with Rospotrebnadzor territorial offices and regional veterinary authorities, conducted an epizootologic-epidemiologic study on affected territories in order to detect and predict possible epidemiologic risks. Totally, the study covered 30 socially significant objects and natural biotopes in three mu-nicipal districts in the region. We tested blood serum of people (244 samples), farm and home ani-mals (253), and organs taken from caught small mammals aiming at determining natural foci infec-tions in them with bacteriologic, serologic, and PCR procedures; overall. 4,370 examinations were performed. Share of immune people amounted to 13.1% regarding tularemia; 17.5%, tick-borne en-cephalitis; yersiniosis, 10.8%; leptospirosis, 3.1%; tick-borne borreliosis, 7.1%. Antibodies to pathogenic leptospira were detected in 36.0–81.3% farm animals and it can indicate there is a latent epizootic process. In July 2019 there was low population of synanthropic rodents in socially significant objects on affected territories and small mammals population also decreased in natural foci with high contagion rate for tularemia agent (down to 17.9%). In September 2019 rats were detected to inhabit food-related objects and small mammals migrated actively in natural stations, contagion rate with tularemia agent going down among them whereas there was a growth in conta-gion rate with leptospira (up to 40.0%). We also revealed new natural tularemia and leptospirosis foci. Activity in natural infections foci didn’t exceed long-term average level just after the flood; still, there are persisting risks on affected territories in Irkutsk region that an epidemiologic situation might get worse there. The paper contains recommendations on further epizootologic-epidemiologic monitoring and organizing prevention activities such as control over sanitary situation at socially significant objects, local deratization, and sanitation in natural foci of animal leptospirosis.

The epizootic situation of cattle moraxellosis in several economic entities of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Background and Aim: Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; conjunctivitis) is a widespread eye disease in cattle. In 1960, the Gram-negative bacillus Moraxella bovis was discovered as one of IBK's etiological causal agents. This study aimed to clarify the epidemiological (epizootic) situation of cattle moraxellosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study also maps the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the epidemiological (epizootic) process to develop more effective antiepizootic measures. Materials and Methods: We clinically examined both imported and local cattle species based on existing epidemiological (epizootological) units of economic entities in Kazakhstan. Then, we selected biomaterials for laboratory tests to screen for moraxellosis. Results: We clarified the epizootic situation for moraxellosis of cattle in Kazakhstan using data from the Meat Union of Kazakhstan, veterinary reports from the Veterinary Control and Surveillance Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, Kazakhstan, and our results, obtained during visits to farms in the various regions of the republic. Conclusion: Based on the data of the conducted studies, we developed epizootic visualization maps with quantitative indicators of the cattle moraxellosis epizootic-transfer processes within various regions of Kazakhstan for 2019. The data obtained from studies of the properties of the isolated cultures compared with the characteristics of reference strains gave grounds to classify them as belonging to the Moraxella genus.

A SCIENTIFICALLY BASED COMPLEX OF PRACTICAL MEASURES AIMED AT INCREASING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF POPULATIONS OF RESOURCE AND RARE TYPES OF FAUNA

In the course of the studies carried out, it was found that a scientifically grounded complex of practical measures makes it possible to control the spread of parasites of various ecological groups in the implementation of the management of the epizootic process. The inclusion of the developed methods of animal health improvement in it con-tributes to an increase in the stability of populations of resource and rare species of fauna, the preservation of biologi-cal diversity, and a decrease in the economic damage caused by associations of parasites in the natural habitat and in zooculture.

PARASKARIDOSIS OF HORSES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE CENTRAL ALTAI

The purpose of this paper was to study the epizootic process of equine paraskaridosis in the conditions of the Central Altai. The research was conducted in 4 administrative districts of the natural-geographical province. Fecal samples were examined by the methods generally accepted in parasitology. After analyzing the results of ovolarvoscopic studies we can say that nematodes of the suborder Strongylata (IP = 87.8) prevail with EI indicators of 79.4–100.0% in the structure of the helminth complex of the gastrointestinal tract of horses in the territory of all administrative districts. However, an important role in the formation of invasive pathology is played by paraskaridosis, the pathogens of which are a subdominant element in the helminthocomplex (IP 6.9). This disease is almost ubiquitous. The average infestation of horses with nematodes Parascaris equorum of the suborder Ascaridata is 13.0%, with the variability of EI indicators from 7.2 to 22.1%. The maximum infestation was registered in foals, then there is a tendency to reduce the infestation of animals with age. The seasonal manifestation of paraskaridosis is characterized by the greatest infection of animals in the autumn period. Heterogeneity in the infestation of horses with paraskarids in the context of administrative regions is due to the natural and climatic features and orographic diversity of mountain landscapes and the established ecosystems characteristic of them.