scholarly journals The interplay between top-down interventions and bottom-up self-organization shapes opportunities for transforming self-governance in small-scale fisheries

Marine Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 104485
Author(s):  
Maja Schlüter ◽  
Emilie Lindkvist ◽  
Xavier Basurto
Keyword(s):  
Self Organization ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Small Scale Fisheries

From a Large to a Small Scale Soil Map: Top-Down Against Bottom-Up Approaches

2008 ◽  
pp. 203-212
Author(s):  
F. Carré ◽  
H.I. Reuter ◽  
J. Daroussin ◽  
O. Scheurer
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Soil Map ◽  
Small Scale Soil

scholarly journals The Dialectic of Bottom-up and Top-down Emergence in Social Systems

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Fuchs ◽  
Wolfgang Hofkirchner
Keyword(s):  
Systems Theory ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Hierarchical Systems ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Determinism And Indeterminism ◽  
Point Of Departure

In this paper we will present a theoretical explanation of the relationship between so-called individual emergence and the emergence of social systems. We want to take as our point of departure the assumption that from the perspective of hierarchical systems theory self-organization on the level of social systems includes a bottom-up process as well as a top-down process. The bottom-up process refers to what in sociology is called agency, the top-down process refers to what is called structure. We will show that it is convenient to suggest that these processes be linked in a dialectical manner. In this respect we will discuss problems of determinism and indeterminism. This is the background against which we will try to clarify the notion of individual emergence. Our rather general considerations will be illustrated by how ideology, that is consciousness in a collective as well as an individual sense, is conceived of by a number of theories and how it should be conceived of when aspects of self-organization are included. We will conclude with a statement that makes clear why consciousness is a property of individuals that emerges only when individuals participate in society and why society emerges only when individuals are endowed with consciousness.

Patterns of self-organization in the context of urban planning: Reconsidering venues of participation

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efrat Eizenberg
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Urban Change ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Power And Agency

This article unpacks the relations that exist between the planning institution and urban residents by examining processes of self-organization in planning. Approaching self-organization with the lens of assemblage, the article proposes three categories or patterns of self-organization of different urban actors and portrays how they act in different forms to induce urban change. The three self-organization categories are as follows: (1) self-organization by the disenfranchised for basic rights, (2) self-organization by the ordinary for community interests, and (3) self-organization by the powerful for economic gains. In these different forms of self-organization, power and agency are differentially constituted by the relations between the residents, the planning institution, and the physical space. Moreover, the impacts of these actions on the urban space vary. Nevertheless, there are also some resemblances between groups and actions that are commonly dissociated. Unpacking different manifestations of self-organization in urban planning proposes a more relational interpretation that emphasizes the inextricable and overlapping relations of formal and informal planning and of top-down and bottom-up planning, and surfaces a different understanding of urban power relations.

scholarly journals Calculation Methods for Construction Material Stocks: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6612
Author(s):  
Usman Nasir ◽  
Ruidong Chang ◽  
Hossein Omrany
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

This paper aims to critically review the current body of literature relating to the calculation methods of construction material stock. To this end, this study adopts a systematic literature review technique in order to identify the relevant studies. The findings revealed that the bottom-up and top-down methodologies were commonly employed by the reviewed studies. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the bottom-up approach should be utilized when dealing with small-scale areas or where more accurate results are required. The top-down method should be used wherein the research area is large, and the results could be estimated based upon assumptions and statistical data. Similarly, the demand-driven methodology should be used to find the material stock accumulation due to socio-economic factors. The study also found that the material stock results can be used as data for other research, such as waste management and embodied energy. Further, this paper proposes a conceptual framework to ease the process of calculating construction material stocks in different projects. The outcomes of this research shall be beneficial for future studies that explore the literature connected to the construction material stock and recommend methods and techniques that should be used to quantify the material stock.

scholarly journals Scale Adaptive Feature Pyramid Networks for 2D Object Detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Lifei He ◽  
Ming Jiang ◽  
Ryutarou Ohbuchi ◽  
Takahiko Furuya ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Object Detection ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Feature Maps ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Sampling Step ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Feature Map ◽  
Feature Pyramid

Object detection is one of the core tasks in computer vision. Object detection algorithms often have difficulty detecting objects with diverse scales, especially those with smaller scales. To cope with this issue, Lin et al. proposed feature pyramid networks (FPNs), which aim for a feature pyramid with higher semantic content at every scale level. The FPN consists of a bottom-up pyramid and a top-down pyramid. The bottom-up pyramid is induced by a convolutional neural network as its layers of feature maps. The top-down pyramid is formed by progressive up-sampling of a highly semantic yet low-resolution feature map at the top of the bottom-up pyramid. At each up-sampling step, feature maps of the bottom-up pyramid are fused with the top-down pyramid to produce highly semantic yet high-resolution feature maps in the top-down pyramid. Despite significant improvement, the FPN still misses small-scale objects. To further improve the detection of small-scale objects, this paper proposes scale adaptive feature pyramid networks (SAFPNs). The SAFPN employs weights chosen adaptively to each input image in fusing feature maps of the bottom-up pyramid and top-down pyramid. Scale adaptive weights are computed by using a scale attention module built into the feature map fusion computation. The scale attention module is trained end-to-end to adapt to the scale of objects contained in images of the training dataset. Experimental evaluation, using both the 2-stage detector faster R-CNN and 1-stage detector RetinaNet, demonstrated the proposed approach’s effectiveness.

A Study on Computer Aided Bionic Design System Based on Self-Organization of Modelons

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhong Wu ◽  
Renbin Xiao ◽  
Yifang Zhong ◽  
Hanmin Shi
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Structural Gene ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Design System ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bionic Design ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Organization Mechanism

Abstract All the design activities of new products are top-down processes, in turn, conceptual design, functional design, structural design and detailed design. Unfortunately, design activity under the most traditional CAD systems belongs to a bottom-up process that has many disadvantages such as low efficiency, difficulty of modification and limitation of original thoughts of designers. This paper will describe a new approach for product design, i.e., computer aided bionic design (CABD), integrating both top-down and bottom-up process, which imitates partible attribute of functional structure and self-organization mechanism of cells of organism. Bionic design includes constructing of modelons that constitute a product through computer aided conceptual design (CACD) and structural design, building of product’s local structural gene and global structural gene through self-organization planning of constraints, generating of modelons and automatic assembling of modelons based on the self-organization mechanism under the control of product structural gene. A prototype system based on this approach has been implemented and an example will be presented in this paper.

scholarly journals Self-Organized Temporal Criticality: Bottom-Up Resilience versus Top-Down Vulnerability

Complexity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Korosh Mahmoodi ◽  
Bruce J. West ◽  
Paolo Grigolini
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Mathematical Foundation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Societal Benefit ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
The Social ◽  
Range Correlation

We propose a social model of spontaneous self-organization generating criticality and resilience, called Self-Organized Temporal Criticality (SOTC). The criticality-induced long-range correlation favors the societal benefit and can be interpreted as the social system becoming cognizant of the fact that altruism generates societal benefit. We show that when the spontaneous bottom-up emergence of altruism is replaced by a top-down process, mimicking the leadership of an elite, the crucial events favoring the system’s resilience are turned into collapses, corresponding to the falls of the leading elites. We also show with numerical simulation that the top-down SOTC lacks the resilience of the bottom-up SOTC. We propose this theoretical model to contribute to the mathematical foundation of theoretical sociology illustrated in 1901 by Pareto to explain the rise and fall of elites.

scholarly journals The Dialectic of Bottom-up and Top-down Emergence in Social Systems

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-50
Author(s):  
Christian Fuchs ◽  
Wolfgang Hofkirchner
Keyword(s):  
Systems Theory ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Hierarchical Systems ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Determinism And Indeterminism ◽  
Point Of Departure

In this paper we will present a theoretical explanation of the relationship between so-called individual emergence and the emergence of social systems. We want to take as our point of departure the assumption that from the perspective of hierarchical systems theory self-organization on the level of social systems includes a bottom-up process as well as a top-down process. The bottom-up process refers to what in sociology is called agency, the top-down process refers to what is called structure. We will show that it is convenient to suggest that these processes be linked in a dialectical manner. In this respect we will discuss problems of determinism and indeterminism. This is the background against which we will try to clarify the notion of individual emergence. Our rather general considerations will be illustrated by how ideology, that is consciousness in a collective as well as an individual sense, is conceived of by a number of theories and how it should be conceived of when aspects of self-organization are included. We will conclude with a statement that makes clear why consciousness is a property of individuals that emerges only when individuals participate in society and why society emerges only when individuals are endowed with consciousness.

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