In seawater injection wells, the available well tubing materials are generally Low alloy steel, Glass Reinforced Epoxy lined low alloy steel or Corrosion Resistant Alloy’s (CRA) such as super duplex stainless steel. However, in treated seawater the corrosion risk can be controlled and lower grade alloys (low alloy steel) can be considered. But for long well lifetime designs (20 years plus), then low alloy steel tubing can be challenged. In this respect recent efforts have focused attention on better dissolved oxygen control which permits the investigation and on the possible use of more cost-effective materials such as the duplex stainless steels UNS S82551, and UNS S82541 (the latter is a higher strength version, but same PRENw). Full scale testing of tubes joined together with a proprietary premium threaded connection (PCPC couplings) was performed in controlled seawater loops simulating service conditions at 30°C. The flow rate and dissolved oxygen were controlled at 5 m/s and <20ppb, respectively. Weekly dissolved oxygen excursions corresponding to 24h at 100ppb followed by 1 hour at 300ppb were performed during the 5 months exposure. Corrosion results of UNS S82551/S82541 tubing were compared to UNS S31803 and UNS S39274. In parallel, laboratory exposures of creviced coupons for parametric study were performed in dissolved oxygen-controlled cells, allowing the measurement of electrochemical potentials as function of dissolved oxygen content and the related corrosion resistance. The results showed that dissolved oxygen content should be properly controlled below critical values to avoid crevice corrosion of the lesser alloyed duplex stainless steels. The ability of UNS S82541 to recover or re-passivate after prolonged exposures to high dissolved oxygen concentrations (DOC) was also determined with both the use of full sized pipe-coupling premium connection (PCPC) test cells, and electrochemical testing involving a Remote Crevice Assembly (RCA). The re-passivation potential was investigated after different active crevice corrosion durations. The results of the study allowed to precisely define the limits of use of UNS S82541 in treated seawater, i. e. the critical DOC conditions for corrosion initiation and for re-passivation of UNS S82541. For all tested conditions, the UNS S82551/S82541 showed a rather good ability to re-passivation when normal service conditions (i. e. low dissolved oxygen) are recovered.
Alloy Steel: Properties and Use First-Principles Quantum Mechanical Approach to Stainless Steel Alloys
