Ideas on a possible neural pathway in depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 110688
Author(s):  
Negin Badihian
Keyword(s):  
Neural Pathway

Neural pathway mediating somatic evoked responses in the caudate nucleus of cats

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Diez-Martinez ◽  
J.A. Roig ◽  
J.E. Vargas ◽  
J. Sepulveda ◽  
H. Brust-Carmona
Keyword(s):  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Neural Pathway

The contribution of the vagus nerve in interleukin-1β-induced fever is dependent on dose

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (4) ◽  
pp. R929-R934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Hansen ◽  
Kevin A. O'Connor ◽  
Lisa E. Goehler ◽  
Linda R. Watkins ◽  
Steven F. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Interleukin 1Β ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Neural Pathway ◽  
Subdiaphragmatic Vagotomy ◽  
Core Body ◽  
Neural Signaling ◽  
The Brain

It has been suggested that proinflammatory cytokines communicate to the brain via a neural pathway involving activation of vagal afferents by interleukin-1β (IL-1β), in addition to blood-borne routes. In support, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy blocks IL-1β-induced, brain-mediated responses such as fever. However, vagotomy has also been reported to be ineffective. Neural signaling would be expected to be especially important at low doses of cytokine, when local actions could occur, but only very small quantities of cytokine would become systemic. Here, we examined core body temperature after intraperitoneal injections of three doses of recombinat human IL-1β (rh-IL-1β). Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy completely blocked the fever produced by 0.1 μg/kg, only partially blocked the fever produced by 0.5 μg/kg, and had no effect at all on the fever that followed 1.0 μg/kg rh-IL-1β. Blood levels of rh-IL-1β did not become greater than normal basal levels of endogenous rat IL-β until the 0.5-μg/kg dose nor was IL-1β induced in the pituitary until this dose. These results suggest that low doses of intraperitoneal IL-1β induce fever via a vagal route and that dose may account for some of the discrepancies in the literature.

Evidence for a glutamatergic neural pathway in the myenteric plexus

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (4) ◽  
pp. G693-G700 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Wiley ◽  
Y. X. Lu ◽  
C. Owyang
Keyword(s):  
Myenteric Plexus ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Nmda Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Neural Pathway ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Somatostatin 14

The objective of this study was to determine whether L-glutamate (L-Glu) may serve as a neurotransmitter candidate in the guinea pig myenteric plexus. We observed that [3H]Glu and gamma-[3H]aminobutyric acid were synthesized from [3H]glutamine and released from neurons of the myenteric plexus during K+ and 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium-evoked depolarization in a concentration-dependent manner. Muscle tension studies performed on ileal longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus (LM-MP) preparations revealed that L-Glu [mean effective dose (ED50) 2.5 x 10(-5) M] produced concentration-dependent contractions, which were unaffected by hexamethonium but abolished by tetrodotoxin, atropine, and magnesium, suggesting that L-Glu acts via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type receptors that stimulate a cholinergic neural pathway unaffected by ganglionic blockade. In addition, L-Glu (ED50 4 x 10(-5) M) and NMDA (ED50 2 x 10(-4) M) stimulated concentration-dependent release of [3H]acetylcholine (ACh) from LM-MP sections, which was inhibited by tetrodotoxin, magnesium, and the NMDA receptor antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5). L-Glu-mediated release of [3H]ACh was enhanced by theophylline (10-6 M) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (1 mM) and was significantly reduced by the adenylate cyclase inhibitor, 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine (10(-4) M) and somatostatin-14 (10(-6) M), which inhibits adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent cholinergic transmission in the myenteric plexus. These studies suggest that L-Glu may serve as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the myenteric plexus via its action on NMDA-type receptors, which are coupled to cAMP-dependent release of ACh.

scholarly journals The Neural Pathway of Reflex Regulation of Electroacupuncture at Orofacial Acupoints on Gastric Functions in Rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Liu ◽  
Wenbin Fu ◽  
Wei Yi ◽  
Zhenhua Xu ◽  
Nenggui Xu
Keyword(s):  
Myoelectric Activity ◽  
Motor Nucleus ◽  
Dorsal Vagal Complex ◽  
Solitary Tract ◽  
Neural Pathway ◽  
Excitatory Effect ◽  
Reflex Regulation ◽  
Gastric Myoelectric Activity ◽  
Dorsal Motor Nucleus ◽  
Spike Bursts

Acupuncture has a reflex regulation in gastrointestinal functions, which is characterized with segment. In the present study, the neural pathway of electroacupuncture (EA) at orofacial acupoints (ST2) on gastric myoelectric activity (GMA) in rats was investigated. The results indicated that EA at ST2 facilitated spike bursts of GMA, which is similar to EA at limbs and opposite to EA at abdomen. The excitatory effect was abolished by the transaction of infraorbital nerves, dorsal vagal complex lesion, and vagotomy, respectively. In addition, microinjection of L-glutamate into the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) attenuated the excitatory effect. All these data suggest that the dorsal vagal complex is involved in the reflex regulation of EA at orofacial acupoints on gastric functions and NTS-dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) inhibitory connections may be essential for it.

Serotonin sets the day state in the neurons that control coupling between the optic lobe circadian pacemakers in the cricketGryllus bimaculatus

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (9) ◽  
pp. 1305-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. M. Saifullah ◽  
Kenji Tomioka
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Serotonin Receptor ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Neural Pathway ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Serotonin Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Time Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Circadian Pacemakers

SUMMARYThe bilaterally paired optic lobe circadian pacemakers of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus mutually exchange photic and circadian information to keep their activity synchronized. The information is mediated by a neural pathway, consisting of the so-called medulla bilateral neurons,connecting the medulla areas of the two optic lobes. We investigated the effects of serotonin on the neural activity in this coupling pathway. Spontaneous and light-induced electrical activity of the neurons in the coupling pathway showed daily variations, being more intense during the night than the day. Microinjection of serotonin or a serotonin-receptor agonist,quipazine, into the optic lobe caused a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of spontaneous and light-induced responses, mimicking the day state. The amount of suppression was greater and the recovery from the suppression occurred faster during the night. Application of metergoline, a non-selective serotonin-receptor antagonist, increased spontaneous activity and light-evoked responses during both the day and the night, with higher effect during the day. In addition, metergoline effectively attenuated the effects of serotonin. These facts suggest that in the cricket's optic lobe, serotonin is released during the daytime and sets the day state in the neurons regulating coupling between the bilaterally paired optic lobe circadian pacemakers.

Hierarchical Dynamical Model for Multiple Cortical Neural Decoding

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1372-1401
Author(s):  
Xi Liu ◽  
Xiang Shen ◽  
Shuhang Chen ◽  
Xiang Zhang ◽  
Yifan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Neural Pathway ◽  
Neural Recordings ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Brain States ◽  
Heavy Tailed ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Motor brain machine interfaces (BMIs) interpret neural activities from motor-related cortical areas in the brain into movement commands to control a prosthesis. As the subject adapts to control the neural prosthesis, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), upstream of the primary motor cortex (M1), is heavily involved in reward-guided motor learning. Thus, considering mPFC and M1 functionality within a hierarchical structure could potentially improve the effectiveness of BMI decoding while subjects are learning. The commonly used Kalman decoding method with only one simple state model may not be able to represent the multiple brain states that evolve over time as well as along the neural pathway. In addition, the performance of Kalman decoders degenerates in heavy-tailed nongaussian noise, which is usually generated due to the nonlinear neural system or influences of movement-related noise in online neural recording. In this letter, we propose a hierarchical model to represent the brain states from multiple cortical areas that evolve along the neural pathway. We then introduce correntropy theory into the hierarchical structure to address the heavy-tailed noise existing in neural recordings. We test the proposed algorithm on in vivo recordings collected from the mPFC and M1 of two rats when the subjects were learning to perform a lever-pressing task. Compared with the classic Kalman filter, our results demonstrate better movement decoding performance due to the hierarchical structure that integrates the past failed trial information over multisite recording and the combination with correntropy criterion to deal with noisy heavy-tailed neural recordings.

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