scholarly journals Revealing the Hox code in developing spinocerebellar neurons

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. S122
Author(s):  
Eamon Coughlan ◽  
Victoria C. Garside ◽  
Olivier Serralbo ◽  
Siew-Fen Lisa Wong ◽  
Huazheng Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hox Code ◽  
Spinocerebellar Neurons

scholarly journals Neuroendocrine prostate cancer has distinctive, non-prostatic HOX code that is represented by the loss of HOXB13 expression

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyuan Cheng ◽  
Shu Yang ◽  
Yingli Shi ◽  
Runhua Shi ◽  
Yunshin Yeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Hox Genes ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Hox Gene ◽  
Human Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
All Trans Retinoic Acid ◽  
Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer ◽  
Hox Code ◽  
Specific Expression Pattern

AbstractHOX gene-encoded homeobox proteins control body patterning during embryonic development; the specific expression pattern of HOX genes may correspond to tissue identity. In this study, using RNAseq data of 1019 human cancer cell lines that originated from 24 different anatomic sites, we established HOX codes for various types of tissues. We applied these HOX codes to the transcriptomic profiles of prostate cancer (PCa) samples and found that the majority of prostate adenocarcinoma (AdPCa) samples sustained a prostate-specific HOX code whereas the majority of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPCa) samples did not, which reflects the anaplastic nature of NEPCa. Also, our analysis showed that the NEPCa samples did not correlate well with the HOX codes of any other tissue types, indicating that NEPCa tumors lose their prostate identities but do not gain new tissue identities. Additionally, using immunohistochemical staining, we evaluated the prostatic expression of HOXB13, the most prominently changed HOX gene in NEPCa. We found that HOXB13 was expressed in both benign prostatic tissues and AdPCa but its expression was reduced or lost in NEPCa. Furthermore, we treated PCa cells with all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and found that the reduced HOXB13 expression can be reverted. This suggests that ATRA is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of NEPCa tumors by reversing them to a more treatable AdPCa.

scholarly journals Motor neurons with limb-innervating character in the cervical spinal cord are sculpted by apoptosis based on the Hox code in chick embryo

Development ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 144 (24) ◽  
pp. 4645-4657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuki Mukaigasa ◽  
Chie Sakuma ◽  
Tomoaki Okada ◽  
Shunsaku Homma ◽  
Takako Shimada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Hox Code

scholarly journals Mammalian E4 Is Required for Cardiac Development and Maintenance of the Nervous System

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (24) ◽  
pp. 10953-10964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chie Kaneko-Oshikawa ◽  
Tadashi Nakagawa ◽  
Mitsunori Yamada ◽  
Hiroo Yoshikawa ◽  
Masaki Matsumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ◽  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Cardiac Development ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Embryonic Fibroblasts ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Developing Heart ◽  
Ubiquitin Conjugation ◽  
Spinocerebellar Neurons

ABSTRACT Ubiquitin conjugation typically requires three classes of enzyme: E1, E2, and E3. A fourth type of enzyme (E4), however, was recently shown to be required for the degradation of certain types of substrate in yeast. We previously identified UFD2a (also known as E4B) as an E4 in mammals. UFD2a is exclusively expressed in cardiac muscle during mouse embryonic development, but it is abundant in neurons of adult mice and is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease. The precise physiological function of this enzyme has remained largely unknown, however. Here, we show that mice lacking UFD2a die in utero, manifesting marked apoptosis in the developing heart. Polyubiquitylation activity for an E4 substrate was greatly reduced in Ufd2a −/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Furthermore, Ufd2a +/− mice displayed axonal dystrophy in the nucleus gracilis, as well as degeneration of Purkinje cells accompanied by endoplasmic reticulum stress. These animals also developed a neurological disorder. UFD2a thus appears to be essential for the development of cardiac muscle, as well as for the protection of spinocerebellar neurons from degeneration induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress.

scholarly journals Posterior Hox Gene Expression and Differential Androgen Regulation in the Developing and Adult Rat Prostate Lobes

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 148 (3) ◽  
pp. 1235-1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwei Huang ◽  
Yongbing Pu ◽  
David Hepps ◽  
David Danielpour ◽  
Gail S. Prins
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Hox Genes ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Hox Gene ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Androgen Regulation ◽  
Hox Code ◽  
Rat Prostate

Axis positioning and tissue determination during development involve coordinated expression of Hox genes throughout the body. The most posterior Hox gene clusters are involved in prostate organogenesis. In the present study, we characterized and compared the expression profiles of posterior (5′) Hox genes in the separate lobes of the adult rat prostate gland, the coagulating gland, seminal vesicles, and epididymis using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. These genes include Hoxa9–11, Hoxa13, Hoxd13, and Hoxb13. We identified a unique Hox code for each of these organs and propose that this contributes to the organ-specific and prostate lobe-specific identities in the adult rat. Using the ventral prostate (VP) as a model, we characterized the Hox genes expression patterns over time from birth through adulthood. Expression levels of the three Hox13 genes and Hoxa10 were significantly higher in the adult VP compared with the neonatal developing VP suggesting an important role during adult homeostasis. In contrast, Hoxa9 and Hoxa11 levels declined after morphogenesis suggesting a specific developmental role. Overall, the Hoxb13 gene exhibited the most striking temporal and organ-specific differences. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, a distinct Hoxb13 anterior-to-posterior expression gradient was observed with the highest expression levels in the VP luminal epithelial cells, moderate levels in the lateral prostate, and low expression in the dorsal prostate. An expression gradient was also observed along the ductal length in all three prostate lobes with strongest expression at the distal tips and limited expression in the proximal ducts. After infection with a lentivirus expressing the Hoxb13 gene, NRP-152 cells cultured under nondifferentiating conditions exhibited robust cytokeratin 8 immunostain indicating that Hoxb13 expression drives luminal cell differentiation in the rat epithelium. Androgen regulation of prostatic Hox gene expression was examined during development in vitro and after castration in the adult rat. In the neonatal VP, all six Hox genes were significantly up-regulated by androgens, whereas none of the genes were affected by testosterone in the lateral prostate. In the adult rat, castration resulted in up-regulation of Hoxa9 and Hoxa13 in the VP and down-regulation of Hoxb13 in the dorsal prostate and lateral prostate. Taken together, we conclude that the prostatic Hox genes reach a destined expression level at specific developmental time points in the prostate gland and possess differential androgenic regulation in a temporal and lobe-specific manner. We suggest that this timely Hox code participates in determining lobe-specific prostatic identity and cellular differentiation.

scholarly journals The HOX Code as a “biological fingerprint” to distinguish functionally distinct stem cell populations derived from cord blood

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Liedtke ◽  
Anja Buchheiser ◽  
Julia Bosch ◽  
Frank Bosse ◽  
Fabian Kruse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Hox Code ◽  
Stem Cell Populations

scholarly journals Evolution of Hox-like genes in Cnidaria: Study of Hydra Hox repertoire reveals tailor-made Hox-code for Cnidarians

2015 ◽  
Vol 138 ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puli Chandramouli Reddy ◽  
Manu K. Unni ◽  
Akhila Gungi ◽  
Pallavi Agarwal ◽  
Sanjeev Galande
Keyword(s):  
Hox Code

Spinocerebellar neurons in the rhesus monkey

1977 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Petras
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Spinocerebellar Neurons

scholarly journals Latent developmental potential to form limb-like skeletal structures in zebrafish

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Brent Hawkins ◽  
Katrin Henke ◽  
Matthew P. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Common Pathway ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Appendage Development ◽  
Activating Mutations ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Hox Code ◽  
Many Core

AbstractThe evolution of fins into limbs was a key transition in vertebrate history. A hallmark of this transition is the addition of multiple long bones to the proximal-distal axis of paired appendages. Whereas limb skeletons are often elaborate and diverse, teleost pectoral fins retain a simple endoskeleton. Fins and limbs share many core developmental processes, but how these programs were reshaped to produce limbs from fins during evolution remains enigmatic. Here we identify zebrafish mutants that form supernumerary long bones along the proximal-distal axis of pectoral fins with limb-like patterning. These new skeletal elements are integrated into the fin, as they are connected to the musculature, form joints, and articulate with neighboring bones. This phenotype is caused by activating mutations in previously unrecognized regulators of appendage development, vav2 and waslb, which we show function in a common pathway. We find that this pathway functions in appendage development across vertebrates, and loss of Wasl in developing limbs results in patterning defects identical to those seen in Hoxall knockout mice. Concordantly, formation of supernumerary fin long bones requires the function of hoxall paralogs, indicating developmental homology with the forearm and the existence of a latent functional Hox code patterning the fin endoskeleton. Our findings reveal an inherent limb-like patterning ability in fins that can be activated by simple genetic perturbation, resulting in the elaboration of the endoskeleton.

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