Extrinsic and default mode networks in psychiatric conditions: Relationship to excitatory-inhibitory transmitter balance and early trauma

Background Exposure to maternal major depressive disorder (MDD) bears long-term negative consequences for children's well-being; to date, no research has examined how exposure at different stages of development differentially affects brain functioning. Aims Utilising a unique cohort followed from birth to preadolescence, we examined the effects of early versus later maternal MDD on default mode network (DMN) connectivity. Method Maternal depression was assessed at birth and ages 6 months, 9 months, 6 years and 10 years, to form three groups: children of mothers with consistent depression from birth to 6 years of age, which resolved by 10 years of age; children of mothers without depression; and children of mothers who were diagnosed with MDD in late childhood. In preadolescence, we used magnetoencephalography and focused on theta rhythms, which characterise the developing brain. Results Maternal MDD was associated with disrupted DMN connectivity in an exposure-specific manner. Early maternal MDD decreased child connectivity, presenting a profile typical of early trauma or chronic adversity. In contrast, later maternal MDD was linked with tighter connectivity, a pattern characteristic of adult depression. Aberrant DMN connectivity was predicted by intrusive mothering in infancy and lower mother–child reciprocity and child empathy in late childhood, highlighting the role of deficient caregiving and compromised socio-emotional competencies in DMN dysfunction. Conclusions The findings pinpoint the distinct effects of early versus later maternal MDD on the DMN, a core network sustaining self-related processes. Results emphasise that research on the influence of early adversity on the developing brain should consider the developmental stage in which the adversity occured.

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Sensory and Cognitive Components of Auditory Processing in Individuals With Tinnitus

American Journal of Audiology ◽

10.1044/2019_aja-19-0011 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 834-842

Author(s):

Harini Vasudevan ◽

Hari Prakash Palaniswamy ◽

Ramaswamy Balakrishnan

Keyword(s):

Selective Attention ◽

Auditory Processing ◽

Function Analysis ◽

Event Related Potential ◽

Oscillatory Activity ◽

Default Mode ◽

Auditory Selective Attention ◽

Cognitive Components ◽

Mode Function ◽

Related Potentials

Purpose The main purpose of the study is to explore the auditory selective attention abilities (using event-related potentials) and the neuronal oscillatory activity in the default mode network sites (using electroencephalogram [EEG]) in individuals with tinnitus. Method Auditory selective attention was measured using P300, and the resting state EEG was assessed using the default mode function analysis. Ten individuals with continuous and bothersome tinnitus along with 10 age- and gender-matched control participants underwent event-related potential testing and 5 min of EEG recording (at wakeful rest). Results Individuals with tinnitus were observed to have larger N1 and P3 amplitudes along with prolonged P3 latency. The default mode function analysis revealed no significant oscillatory differences between the groups. Conclusion The current study shows changes in both the early sensory and late cognitive components of auditory processing. The change in the P3 component is suggestive of selective auditory attention deficit, and the sensory component (N1) suggests an altered bottom-up processing in individuals with tinnitus.

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Die deutsche Version des „Early Trauma Inventory” (ETI)

Diagnostica ◽

10.1026/0012-1924/a000036 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 27-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Katja Wingenfeld ◽

Martin Driessen ◽

Christoph Mensebach ◽

Nina Rullkoetter ◽

Camille Schaffrath ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reliabilität Und Validität ◽

Dsm Iv ◽

Early Trauma ◽

Kindheit Und Jugend

Zusammenfassung. Für den deutschsprachigen Raum stehen derzeit kaum evaluierte Instrumente zur Erfassung traumatischer Ereignisse in der Kindheit und Jugend zur Verfügung. Während das strukturierte klinische Interview für DSM-IV das Vorliegen einer Traumatisierung in der Kindheit und Jugend mittels eines binären Items erfasst, wird mit dem „Early Trauma Inventory” (ETI; Bremner, Vermetten & Mazure, 2000 ) ein breites Spektrum traumatischer Ereignisse erhoben. Beim ETI handelt es sich um ein halbstandardisiertes klinisches Interview mit den Skalen „Emotionale Erfahrungen”, „Erzieherische/Körperliche Bestrafung”, „Sexuelle Erlebnisse” und „Generelle Traumata”. An einer Stichprobe von 230 Probanden wurden die Reliabilität und Validität der deutschen Übersetzung überprüft. Es konnten gute Reliabilitätskoeffizienten gefunden werden sowie hohe bis moderate Korrelationen zwischen dem ETI und einem Fragebogen zur Erfassung traumatischer Erfahrungen in der Kindheit (CTQ). Niedrigere Korrelationskoeffizienten fanden sich zwischen dem ETI und entfernt assoziierten Konstrukten, wie z.B. Depressivität. Insgesamt sprechen die Ergebnisse für eine zufriedenstellende psychometrische Qualität des ETI.

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The Attenuation of Very Low Frequency Brain Oscillations in Transitions from a Rest State to Active Attention

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803.23.4.191 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 191-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Suzannah K. Helps ◽

Samantha J. Broyd ◽

Christopher J. James ◽

Anke Karl ◽

Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke

Keyword(s):

Brain Activity ◽

Sampling Rate ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Future Research ◽

Adhd Symptoms ◽

Default Mode ◽

Very Low Frequency ◽

Wide Range ◽

Interference Hypothesis ◽

Mode Interference

Background: The default mode interference hypothesis ( Sonuga-Barke & Castellanos, 2007 ) predicts (1) the attenuation of very low frequency oscillations (VLFO; e.g., .05 Hz) in brain activity within the default mode network during the transition from rest to task, and (2) that failures to attenuate in this way will lead to an increased likelihood of periodic attention lapses that are synchronized to the VLFO pattern. Here, we tested these predictions using DC-EEG recordings within and outside of a previously identified network of electrode locations hypothesized to reflect DMN activity (i.e., S3 network; Helps et al., 2008 ). Method: 24 young adults (mean age 22.3 years; 8 male), sampled to include a wide range of ADHD symptoms, took part in a study of rest to task transitions. Two conditions were compared: 5 min of rest (eyes open) and a 10-min simple 2-choice RT task with a relatively high sampling rate (ISI 1 s). DC-EEG was recorded during both conditions, and the low-frequency spectrum was decomposed and measures of the power within specific bands extracted. Results: Shift from rest to task led to an attenuation of VLFO activity within the S3 network which was inversely associated with ADHD symptoms. RT during task also showed a VLFO signature. During task there was a small but significant degree of synchronization between EEG and RT in the VLFO band. Attenuators showed a lower degree of synchrony than nonattenuators. Discussion: The results provide some initial EEG-based support for the default mode interference hypothesis and suggest that failure to attenuate VLFO in the S3 network is associated with higher synchrony between low-frequency brain activity and RT fluctuations during a simple RT task. Although significant, the effects were small and future research should employ tasks with a higher sampling rate to increase the possibility of extracting robust and stable signals.

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