Determination of 239Pu and 240Pu isotope ratio for a nuclear bomb particle using X-ray spectrometry in conjunction with γ-ray spectrometry and non-destructive α-particle spectrometry
ABSTRACTRutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is used to characterize the stoichiometry of graphite intercalation compounds (GIC). Specific application is made to several stages of different donor and acceptor compounds and to commensurate and incommensurate intercalants. A deviation from the theoretical stoichiometry is measured for most of the compounds using this non-destructive method. Within experimental error, the RBS results agree with those obtained from analysis of the (00ℓ) x-ray diffractograms and weight uptake measurements on the same samples.
This paper outlines the standardisation process for the XRPD method that is currently being considered by a Working Group (WG10) of Technical Committee 138 "Non-destructive Testing" of the European Committee for Standardisation CEN.
Several Standard Documents are on the verge of being released. These documents concern the general principles of (X-ray) diffraction, its terminology, and the basic procedures applied. Another document concerns the instruments used and it offers procedures to characterise and control the performance of an X-ray diffractometer properly. It is intended to issue Standard Documents on specific methods, e.g. determination of residual stresses. In fact work is in progress on this subject. The Standard Documents can be used by industry, government organisations, and research centres with activities related to safety, health and the environment, as well as for educational purposes.
AbstractStudies have been ongoing at Defence Research Establishment Atlantic on the evaluation of non-destructive techniques for residual stress determination in structures. These techniques have included neutron diffraction, x-ray diffraction and blind-hole drilling. In conjunction with these studies, the applicability of these procedures to aid in metallurgical and failure analysis investigations has been explored. The x-ray diffraction technique was applied to investigate the failure mechanism in several bent turbo blower rotor shafts. All examinations had to be non-destructive in nature as the shafts were considered repairable. It was determined that residual stress profiles existed in the distorted shafts which strongly indicated the presence of martensitic microstuctures. These microstructures are considered unacceptable for these shafts due to the potential for cracking or in-service residual stress relaxation which could lead to future shaft distortion.
Residual and applied stresses (σij) are often measured via X-ray diffraction, by calculating the resultant elastic strains (ϵij) from the measured change in interplanar spacing (“d”). This method is non-destructive, reasonably reproducible (typically ±14 MPa), can be carried out in the field, and is readily automated to give values to an operator-specified precision , Let Li represent the axes of the measuring system with L3 normal to the diffracting planes, and Pi represent the sample axes. These axes are illustrated in Figure 1. In what follows, primed stresses and strains are in the laboratory system, while unprimed values are in the sample system.
Non-destructive determination of ultra-thin GaN cap layer thickness in AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure by angle resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS)