The effects of axotomy on neurons and satellite glial cells in mouse trigeminal ganglion

Abstract Background/aims Elevated concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and glutamate (Glu) in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) may contribute to the development and maintenance of migraine headache. The role of satellite glial cells (SGC) and their pattern of substance release in relation to the pathophysiology of migraine are currently under investigation. In the present study, we investigated the release of NO from isolated trigeminal SGCs and its modulation by Glu. Methods SGCs from the TG of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8) were isolated and maintained in culture until used. SGCs were treated with graded concentrations of Glu (0, 10, 100, 1000 μM) and samples were withdrawn after 48 h of incubation. In subsequent experiments, SGCs were treated with vehicle medium, 10 μM forskolin (FSK) alone, or 10 μM FSK in conjunction with 100 μM Glu and incubated for 48 h. The NO concentration was determined using the Griess Reagent System and data was subjected to a one-way repeated measures ANOVA analysis, where p <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All experimental procedures were performed at minimum in triplicate. Results The concentration of NO was 3.59 ± 0.04 M under baseline conditions. Application of 10 or 100 μM Glu resulted in a significant drop in NO concentration (2.92 ± 0.017 μM and 2.83 ± 0.012 M, respectively) compared to baseline, whereas treatment with 1000 μM Glu did not significantly alter NO release. Treatment of SGCs with 10 μM FSK significantly increased NO release (to 125.94 ± 3.90% of baseline) compared to baseline. Coapplication of 10 M FSK with 100 M Glu significantly decreased FSK-induced NO release (83.73 ± 2.29% of baseline), compared to both FSK-mediated NO release and baseline levels. Conclusion These findings suggest that one mechanism by which SGCs protect the TG from elevated Glu concentrations that may occur in response to prolonged noxious stimulation is to reduce the release of NO.

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Activation of satellite glial cells in the trigeminal ganglion contributes to masseter mechanical allodynia induced by restraint stress in rats

Neuroscience Letters ◽

10.1016/j.neulet.2015.06.048 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 602 ◽

pp. 150-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Ya-Juan Zhao ◽

Yang Liu ◽

Yin-Hua Zhao ◽

Qiang Li ◽

Min Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glial Cells ◽

Trigeminal Ganglion ◽

Mechanical Allodynia ◽

Restraint Stress ◽

Satellite Glial Cells

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Development of functional units within trigeminal ganglia correlates with increased expression of proteins involved in neuron–glia interactions

Neuron Glia Biology ◽

10.1017/s1740925x10000232 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 171-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Paul L. Durham ◽

F.G. Garrett

Keyword(s):

Postnatal Development ◽

Glial Cells ◽

Trigeminal Ganglion ◽

Neuronal Excitability ◽

Neuronal Cell ◽

Neuronal Cell Body ◽

Steady Increase ◽

Trigeminal Ganglia ◽

Satellite Glial Cells ◽

Functional Units

Cell bodies of trigeminal nerves, which are located in the trigeminal ganglion, are completely surrounded by satellite glial cells and together form a functional unit that regulates neuronal excitability. The goals of this study were to investigate the cellular organization of the rat trigeminal ganglia during postnatal development and correlate those findings with expression of proteins implicated in neuron–glia interactions. During postnatal development there was an increase in the volume of the neuronal cell body, which correlated with a steady increase in the number of glial cells associated with an individual neuron from an average of 2.16 at birth to 7.35 on day 56 in young adults. Interestingly, while the levels of the inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir4.1 were barely detectable during the first week, its expression in satellite glial cells increased by day 9 and correlated with initial formation of functional units. Similarly, expression of the vesicle docking protein SNAP-25 and neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide was readily detected beginning on day 9 and remained elevated throughout postnatal development. Based on our findings, we propose that the expression of proteins involved in facilitating neuron–glia interactions temporally correlates with the formation of mature functional units during postnatal development of trigeminal ganglion.

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Activation of Satellite Glial Cells in Rat Trigeminal Ganglion after Upper Molar Extraction

ACTA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOCHEMICA ◽

10.1267/ahc.09017 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 143-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Kaori K. Gunjigake ◽

Tetsuya Goto ◽

Kayoko Nakao ◽

Shigeru Kobayashi ◽

Kazunori Yamaguchi

Keyword(s):

Glial Cells ◽

Trigeminal Ganglion ◽

Satellite Glial Cells ◽

Upper Molar ◽

Molar Extraction

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Quiescent satellite glial cells of the adult trigeminal ganglion

Open Medicine ◽

10.2478/s11536-013-0285-z ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 500-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mugurel Rusu ◽

Valentina Mănoiu ◽

Nicolae Mirancea ◽

Gheorghe Nini

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Glial Cells ◽

Trigeminal Ganglion ◽

Membrane Trafficking ◽

Animal Species ◽

Trigeminal Ganglia ◽

Sensory Ganglia ◽

Satellite Glial Cells ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Immune Phenotypes

AbstractSensory ganglia comprise functional units built up by neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs). In animal species there was proven the presence of neuronoglial progenitor cells in adult samples. Such neural crest-derived progenitors were found in immunohistochemistry (IHC). These findings were not previously documented in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was thus aimed to assess in TEM if cells of the human adult trigeminal ganglion indeed have ultrastructural features to qualify for a progenitor, or quiescent phenotype. Trigeminal ganglia were obtained from fifteen adult donor cadavers. In TEM, cells with heterochromatic nuclei, a pancytoplasmic content of free ribosomes, few perinuclear mitochondria, poor developed endoplasmic reticulum, lack of Golgi complexes and membrane trafficking specializations, were found included in the neuronal envelopes built-up by SGCs. The ultrastructural pattern was strongly suggestive for these cells being quiescent progenitors. However, further experiments should correlate the morphologic and immune phenotypes of such cells.

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