scholarly journals Exploring the impact of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy on placenta morphology

Placenta ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 102-109
Author(s):  
Michael Yampolsky ◽  
Oleksandr Shlakhter ◽  
Dianna Deng ◽  
Smriti Kala ◽  
Sharon L. Walmsley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals A New Perspective on HIV Diagnostics: Reinterpretation in the Age of Early Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila M. Keating
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Early Treatment ◽  
Clinical Microbiology ◽  
Link Type ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Hiv Diagnostics ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Early treatment of HIV infection with antiretroviral therapy in recently identified HIV-infected individuals reduces viral replication and decreases the risk of transmission. The screening and supplemental, confirmatory assays used to identify infection are influenced by early treatment and may obscure a clear diagnosis of HIV infection. In this issue of the Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Manak et al. demonstrate the impact of antiretroviral therapy on the evolution of biomarkers that have traditionally been used for identifying HIV infection (M. M. Manak, L. L. Jagodzinski, A. Shutt, J. A. Malia, et al., J Clin Microbiol 57:e00757-19, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00757-19).

scholarly journals Contribution of HIV Infection, AIDS, and Antiretroviral Therapy to Exocrine Pathogenesis in Salivary and Lacrimal Glands

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran Nizamuddin ◽  
Peter Koulen ◽  
Carole McArthur
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Exocrine Function ◽  
Lacrimal Glands ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

The structure and function of exocrine glands are negatively affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its co-morbidities, including innate and adaptive immune responses. At the same time, exocrine function may also be influenced by pharmacotherapies directed at the infectious agents. Here, we briefly review the role of the salivary glands and lacrimal glands in normal physiology and exocrine pathogenesis within the context of HIV infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), including the contribution of antiretroviral therapies on both. Subsequently, we discuss the impact of HIV infection and the types of antiretroviral therapy on disease management and therapy development efforts.

scholarly journals B cells in early and chronic HIV infection: evidence for preservation of immune function associated with early initiation of antiretroviral therapy

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (25) ◽  
pp. 5571-5579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Moir ◽  
Clarisa M. Buckner ◽  
Jason Ho ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Jenny Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Memory B Cells ◽  
Early Initiation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chronic Hiv Infection

Abstract Characterization of lymphocytes including B cells during early versus chronic HIV infection is important for understanding the impact of chronic viremia on immune cell function. In this setting, we investigated B cells before and after reduction of HIV plasma viremia by antiretroviral therapy (ART). At baseline, peripheral blood B-cell counts were significantly lower in both early and chronic HIV-infected individuals compared with uninfected controls. Similar to CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells, B-cell numbers in both groups increased significantly after ART. At baseline, B cells of early HIV-infected individuals were composed of a higher percentage of plasmablasts and resting memory B cells compared with chronic HIV-infected individuals whose B cells were composed of a higher percentage of immature/transitional and exhausted B cells compared with their early infection counterparts. At 1 year after ART, the percentage of resting memory B cells remained higher in early compared with chronic HIV-infected individuals. This difference translated into a better functional profile in that memory B-cell responses to HIV and non-HIV antigens were superior in early- compared with chronic-treated HIV infected individuals. These findings provide new insights on B cells in HIV infection and how early initiation of ART may prevent irreversible immune system damage.

The impact of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy on the predicted risk of Down syndrome

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Charlton ◽  
Jamie M. Franklin ◽  
Melanie Douglas ◽  
Charlotte E. Short ◽  
Ian Mills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Predicted Risk

Malignancies in HIV

2019 ◽  
pp. 337-378
Author(s):  
Eva Clark ◽  
Elizabeth Chiao
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽  
Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Human Herpes Virus 8 ◽  
Human Herpes Virus ◽  
Herpès Virus ◽  
The Impact

• Review the epidemiology and role of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the impact of AIDS-defining malignancies, which remain common among individuals with HIV. • Discuss the role of human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), which remains the most common tumor associated with HIV infection....

scholarly journals Nocardia FarcinicaLung Abscess Presenting in the Context of Advanced HIV Infection: Spontaneous Resolution in Response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Alone

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. e103-e106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arienne S King ◽  
Jose G Castro ◽  
Gordon CK Dow
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Metastatic Infection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cd4 Cell ◽  
The Impact

A 43-year-old man, known to be HIV-positive, presented with a six-week history of symptoms including cough, hemoptysis, anterior chest pain, fever and wasting. His CD4 cell count was 46 cells/μL, and his chest x-ray showed a cavitating lesion in the left upper lobe. Sputum culture was positive forNocardia farcinica. His infection resolved following initiation of antiretroviral therapy.Nocardiais an uncommon opportunistic pathogen in patients with HIV infection and is usually associated with advanced CD4 depletion, cavitary pneumonia, metastatic infection and high mortality. The impact of antiretroviral therapy onNocardiainfection in the setting of HIV has not been clearly elucidated. The current report is the first to present a case in which a complete clinical cure ofNocardiapneumonia has been documented, primarily in response to highly active antiretroviral therapy alone.

scholarly journals Effects of Tobacco Usage and Antiretroviral Therapy on Biomarkers of Systemic Immune Activation in HIV-Infected Participants

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen C. Steel ◽  
W. D. Francois Venter ◽  
Annette J. Theron ◽  
Ronald Anderson ◽  
Charles Feldman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Cyclophilin A ◽  
Serum Cotinine ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Proinflammatory Activity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Metalloproteinase 9 ◽  
Tobacco Usage

Like HIV infection, smoking, which is common among HIV-infected persons, is associated with chronic, systemic inflammation. However, the possible augmentative effects of HIV infection and smoking and other types of tobacco usage on indices of systemic inflammation and the impact of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) thereon remain largely unexplored and represent the focus of the current study. Of the total number of HIV-infected persons recruited to the study (n=199), 100 were categorised as pre-cART and 99 as virally suppressed (HIV viral load<40 copies/mL). According to serum cotinine levels, 144 and 55 participants were categorised as nonusers and users of tobacco, respectively. In addition to cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) and chemokines (IP-10, MIG, IL-8, MCP-1, and RANTES), other biomarkers of systemic inflammation included C-reactive protein (CRP), β2-microglobulin, and those of neutrophil activation [ICAM-1, L-selectin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)], microbial translocation (soluble CD14, LPS-binding protein), and oxidative stress (cyclophilin A, surfactant D). These were measured using multiplex bead array, ELISA, and immunonephelometric procedures. Viral suppression was associated with significant decreases in the levels of most of the biomarkers tested (P<0.0037-0.0008), with the exceptions of CRP, cyclophilin A, and MMP-9. With respect to tobacco usage, irrespective of cART status, circulating levels of β2-microglobulin, cyclophilin A, and RANTES were significantly elevated (P<0.042-0.012) in users vs nonusers. Additional analysis of the groups of tobacco users and nonusers according to cART status revealed high levels of RANTES in pre-cART/tobacco users relative to the three other subgroups (P<0.004-0.0001), while more modest increases in cyclophilin A and MMP-9 (P<0.019-0.027) were observed in comparison with the cART/tobacco user subgroup. Notwithstanding the efficacy of cART in attenuating HIV-associated, chronic systemic inflammation, the current study has identified RANTES as being significantly and seemingly selectively increased in those with active HIV infection who use tobacco, a mechanism which may underpin augmentative proinflammatory activity.

scholarly journals Update on Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 152-213
Author(s):  
Lynne M. Mofenson
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Perinatal Transmission ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

The pediatric HIV epidemic in the US and other more developed countries changed dramatically after February 1994, when the results of PACTG 076 demonstrated that a triple regimen of ZDV reduced the risk of perinatal transmission by nearly 70%. Incorporation of ZDV prophylaxis into clinical practice, together with increased prenatal HIV counseling and testing, rapidly resulted in a significant decline in perinatal transmission and a concomitant decrease in the number of reported pediatric AIDS cases in the US. Transmission rates of 3–6% have been reported in various cohort studies with ZDV prophylaxis alone, and of 1–2% when ZDV is combined with elective Cesarean delivery or when women are treated with highly active antiretroviral regimens that reduce maternal viral load to unquantifiable levels. Additionally, several short antiretroviral regimens, including those that require administration only during the intrapartum and early postpartum periods, have been shown to decrease perinatal transmission. These regimens provide effective intervention even for HIV-infected pregnant women who have not received antiretroviral therapy and are identified late in pregnancy or for the first time at delivery through rapid HIV testing.However, this success has been partially offset by increasing HIV infection rates among young women, high adolescent pregnancy rates among at-risk populations, continued failure to identify HIV infection during pregnancy and inadequate prenatal care among HIV-infected women, particularly those using drugs. Additionally, the impact of evolving patterns of antiretroviral drug resistance on efficacy of prophylaxis is not known. As combination antiretroviral therapy becomes the standard of care for pregnant women in developed countries, evaluation of their infants for short- or long-term adverse consequences of intrauterine antiretroviral exposure is also a priority. Finally, clinical trials have identified short-course antiretroviral prophylaxis regimens that are effective and safe in resource-poor countries; however, transmission of HIV via breast milk remains a concern.

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