Effects of auxin and jasmonates on 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase gene expression during ripening of apple fruit

We have studied the effects of MCP and low O2, applied singly and in combination, on apple fruit ripening at 1, 7, and 18 °C. The single application of 2 ppm MCP is more effective in delaying the onset of the C2H4 climacteric than is 1% O2. However, the combined application has a much larger effect than the single applications of either MCP or 1% O2. For instance, at 7 °C, the onset of the C2H4 climacteric occurs at 15, 50, and 90–95 days for the controls, 1% O2 and 2 ppm MCP, respectively, whereas the combined application of 2 ppm MCP and 1% O2 suppressed the initiation of the C2H4 climacteric for 200 days, the duration of the experiment. The retardation of the climacteric onset by the treatments is associated with the suppression of ACC-synthase (ACS1) and the putative receptor ERS1. The accumulation of their transcripts is critically dependent on the rate of C2H4 evolution. As expected, the combined application of MCP and 1% O2 completely suppressed the expression of both genes. Yet when the fruits were transferred to 18 °C in air, they ripened normally. A similar pattern of inhibition in response to the above treatments was also observed with a C2H4-dependent MAPK. The expression of ETR1, ETR2 and ACC-oxidase was not affected by the treatments. The nature of this strong effect of the combined application of MCP and low O2 is not clear. It should be pointed out that MCP does not inhibit the induction of hypoxic proteins such as ADH.

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The miR396b ofPoncirus trifoliataFunctions in Cold Tolerance by Regulating ACC Oxidase Gene Expression and Modulating Ethylene–Polyamine Homeostasis

Plant and Cell Physiology ◽

10.1093/pcp/pcw108 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 57 (9) ◽

pp. 1865-1878 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Xiaona Zhang ◽

Wei Wang ◽

Ming Wang ◽

Hong-Yan Zhang ◽

Ji-Hong Liu

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Cold Tolerance ◽

Acc Oxidase ◽

Oxidase Gene

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Delaying Broccoli Floret Yellowing by Phytosulfokine α Application During Cold Storage

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.609217 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Morteza Soleimani Aghdam ◽

Majid Alikhani-Koupaei ◽

Raheleh Khademian

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Hydrogen Sulfide ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Acc Oxidase ◽

Acc Synthase ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Pheophorbide A ◽

Postharvest Life ◽

Cysteine Desulfhydrase ◽

Pheophorbide A Oxygenase

During postharvest life, broccoli suffers from floret yellowing confining its economic and nutritional value. The objective of the present study was to explore the mechanisms employed by phytosulfokine α (PSKα) at 150 nM for delaying floret yellowing in broccoli during storage at 4°C for 28 days. Our results showed that the higher endogenous accumulation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) resulting from the higher gene expression and activities of l-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD) and d-cysteine desulfhydrase (DCD) in broccoli floret treated with 150 nM PSKα may serve as an endogenous signaling molecule for delaying senescence. Moreover, the suppressed ethylene biosynthesis in broccoli floret treated with 150 nM PSKα might be ascribed to lower gene expression and activities of ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO). Furthermore, lower gene expression and activities of Mg2+ dechelatase (MDC), pheophytinase (PPH), and pheophorbide a oxygenase (PaO) might be the reasons for the higher accumulation of chlorophyll in broccoli floret treated with 150 nM PSKα. Based on our findings, exogenous PSKα application could be employed as signaling bioactive hormone for retarding floret yellowing of broccoli during storage at 4°C for 28 days.

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Effect of Jasmonates Differed at Fruit Ripening Stages on 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate (ACC) Synthase and ACC Oxidase Gene Expression in Pears

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.132.1.120 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 132 (1) ◽

pp. 120-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Satoru Kondo ◽

Hiroko Yamada ◽

Sutthiwal Setha

Keyword(s):

Jasmonic Acid ◽

Ethylene Production ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

Untreated Control ◽

Acc Oxidase ◽

Acc Synthase ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Gene Expressions ◽

Oxidase Gene ◽

Climacteric Stage

The effects of n-propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ), which is a jasmonic acid derivative, on 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase activities, their gene expressions, and ethylene productions in ‘La France’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) were investigated. The fruit was harvested 156 days after full bloom, stored at 4 °C for 15 days, ripened at 20 °C, and then dipped into 0.39 mm PDJ solution at the preclimacteric stage (0 day of ripening at 20 °C) or the climacteric stage (9 days of ripening at 20 °C). In the skin of the PDJ-treated fruit at the preclimacteric stage, the expressions of ACC synthase (ACS)1 and ACC oxidase (ACO)1 were higher than the expressions of those in the untreated control. Ethylene production also increased in the PDJ-treated fruit. In contrast, the accumulation of the ACS1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the skin and an increase of ethylene production were observed in the untreated control fruit at the climacteric stage, although the levels of mRNAs hybridized with ACO1 were not different between the PDJ-treated fruit and untreated control. The endogenous jasmonic acid levels in the skin increased in the PDJ-treated fruit regardless of the application times of PDJ. These results indicate that ACS1 may be an ACC synthase gene that is induced by jasmonates in pears, and that system 2 ethylene may be regulated by jasmonates.

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Low Oxygen and Elevated Carbon Dioxide Atmospheres Inhibit Ethylene Biosynthesis in Preclimacteric and Climacteric Apple Fruit

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.122.4.542 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 122 (4) ◽

pp. 542-546 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

James R. Gorny ◽

Adel A. Kader

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Mrna Level ◽

Acc Oxidase ◽

Acc Synthase ◽

Transcript Abundance ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Low Oxygen ◽

Rate Limiting Step

Autocatalytic C2H4 biosynthesis in preclimacteric apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh. `Golden Delicious') was prevented by storage in atmospheres of 20% CO2-enriched air (17% O2 + 63% N2) or 0.25% O2 (balance N2). In preclimacteric fruit, both treatments inhibited C2H2 biosynthesis by suppressing expression of ACC synthase (ACC-S) at the mRNA level. ACC oxidase (ACC-O) mRNA abundance and in vitro enzyme activity also were impaired by these treatments. However, the conversion of ACC to C2H4 never became the rate limiting step in C2H4 biosynthesis. C2H4 biosynthesis also was effectively inhibited in climacteric apple fruit kept in air + 20% CO2 or 0.25% O2. Climacteric apples also exhibited suppressed expression of ACC-S at the mRNA level, while ACC-O transcript abundance, enzyme activity, and protein abundance were reduced only slightly. ACC-S is the key regulatory enzyme of C2H4 biosynthesis and is the major site at which elevated CO2 and reduced O2 atmospheres inhibit C2H4 biosynthesis, irrespective of fruit physiological maturity. Chemical names used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxcylic acid (ACC).

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Expression of Ethylene Biosynthetic Genes in the Gynoecium and Receptacle Associated With Sepal Abscission During Senescence in Delphinium Grandiflorum

10.21203/rs.3.rs-975326/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mitsutoshi Okamoto ◽

Tomoko Niki ◽

Mirai Azuma ◽

Kenichi Shibuya ◽

Kazuo Ichimura

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Carboxylic Acid ◽

Ethylene Production ◽

Acc Oxidase ◽

Acc Synthase ◽

Transcript Level ◽

Flower Senescence ◽

Biosynthetic Genes ◽

Transcript Levels ◽

Highly Sensitive

Abstract Delphinium flowers are highly sensitive to ethylene and its sepals abscise during senescence, which is associated with increases in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) activities and ethylene production in gynoecium and receptacle. Three ACS genes (DgACS1, DgACS2, and DgACS3) and three ACO genes (DgACO1, DgACO2, and DgACO3) were cloned from Delphinium grandiflorum cv. Super Grand Blue. To investigate the contribution of these genes to ethylene production, their expression was analyzed in these genes in the gynoecium and receptacle during natural senescence and following ethylene exposure and pollination. Ethylene production in the gynoecium and receptacle increased during natural flower senescence. The transcript levels of the ACS and ACO genes in these organs, excluding DgACS2 in the receptacle, increased during senescence. Exposure to ethylene accelerated sepal abscission and more strongly increased ethylene production in the receptacle than in the gynoecium. DgACS1 transcript levels in the gynoecium and DgACS2 and DgACO3 transcript levels in the receptacle were increased by ethylene exposure. Pollination accelerated sepal abscission and increased ethylene production in the gynoecium and receptacle. Pollination slightly affected ACS and ACO transcript levels in the gynoecium, whereas DgACO3 transcript level in the receptacle were markedly increased. These results reveal that ACS and ACO gene expression is differently regulated in the gynoecium and receptacle, and some of these genes are more strongly upregulated by ethylene exposure and pollination in the receptacle than in the gynoecium, suggesting the significance of the receptacle to sepal abscission.

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Elevated CO2 and/or Low O2 Atmospheres Influence ACC Synthase and ACC Oxidase during Long-term Storage of `Golden Delicious' Apple Fruit

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.782c ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 782C-782

Author(s):

James R. Gorny ◽

Adel A. Kader

Keyword(s):

Blot Analysis ◽

Acc Oxidase ◽

Acc Synthase ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

Compare And Contrast

The objective of this study was to compare and contrast the mode of action by which elevated carbon dioxide and/or reduced oxygen atmospheres inhibit ethylene biosynthesis. `Golden Delicious' apple fruit were placed at 0C in one of the following four atmospheres: 1) air; 2) air + 5% CO2; 3) 2% O2 + 98% N2; or 4) 2% O2 + 5% CO2 + 93% N2 and then sampled monthly for 4 months. Ethylene biosynthesis rates and in vitro ACC synthase activities were closely correlated in all treatments. In vitro ACC synthase activity and ethylene biosynthesis rates were lowest in fruit treated with 5% CO2 + 2% O2, while air-treated fruit had the highest ethylene biosynthesis rate and in vitro ACC synthase activity. Fruit treated with air + 5% CO2, or 2% O2 + 98% N2, had intermediate ethylene and in vitro ACC synthase activities. In vitro ACC oxidase was significantly different among treatments, but not as closely correlated with the ethylene biosynthesis rate as in vitro ACC synthase activity. Western blot analysis of the ACC oxidase protein was performed to determine if activity differences among treatments were correlated with the amount of enzyme present in vivo. ACC synthase and ACC oxidase mRNA transcript of abundance was determined via Northern blot analysis. Results will be discussed regarding how ethylene biosynthesis is inhibited at the molecular level by elevated CO2 and/or reduced O2.

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