scholarly journals Delaying Broccoli Floret Yellowing by Phytosulfokine α Application During Cold Storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Soleimani Aghdam ◽  
Majid Alikhani-Koupaei ◽  
Raheleh Khademian
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Pheophorbide A ◽  
Postharvest Life ◽  
Cysteine Desulfhydrase ◽  
Pheophorbide A Oxygenase

During postharvest life, broccoli suffers from floret yellowing confining its economic and nutritional value. The objective of the present study was to explore the mechanisms employed by phytosulfokine α (PSKα) at 150 nM for delaying floret yellowing in broccoli during storage at 4°C for 28 days. Our results showed that the higher endogenous accumulation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) resulting from the higher gene expression and activities of l-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD) and d-cysteine desulfhydrase (DCD) in broccoli floret treated with 150 nM PSKα may serve as an endogenous signaling molecule for delaying senescence. Moreover, the suppressed ethylene biosynthesis in broccoli floret treated with 150 nM PSKα might be ascribed to lower gene expression and activities of ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO). Furthermore, lower gene expression and activities of Mg2+ dechelatase (MDC), pheophytinase (PPH), and pheophorbide a oxygenase (PaO) might be the reasons for the higher accumulation of chlorophyll in broccoli floret treated with 150 nM PSKα. Based on our findings, exogenous PSKα application could be employed as signaling bioactive hormone for retarding floret yellowing of broccoli during storage at 4°C for 28 days.

In Silico Study of Ethylene Biosynthesis: Seeking New Effectors of ACC Synthase and ACC Oxidase

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-356
Author(s):  
Nada Ayadi ◽  
Sarra Aloui ◽  
Rabeb Shaiek ◽  
Oussama Rokbani ◽  
Faten Raboud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
In Silico Study

scholarly journals Reduced ethylene synthesis of mangoes under high CO2 atmosphere storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e51540
Author(s):  
Renar João Bender ◽  
Jeffrey Karl Brecht ◽  
Steven Alonzo Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Atmosphere Storage ◽  
Co2 Atmosphere

. High CO2 atmospheres have been reported to be accountable for slower ripening processes of many fruit species. In modified or controlled atmosphere storage of mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) delayed ripening is attributed to the effects of CO2 on ethylene biosynthesis, which is reduced under CO2 concentrations beyond 10%. In the present work the objective was to determine if those elevated CO2 atmospheres on ethylene synthesis could be attributed to the action of CO2 upon ACC oxidase. Mature green or tree ripe `Tommy Atkins` mangoes were, in four experiments, held in a flow through system of either 10 or 25% CO2 mixed to 5% O2 or only air for 14 or 21 days at 5, 8 or 12°C. Mangoes in the 25% CO2 atmosphere did not produce detectable levels of ethylene, whereas under 10% CO2 the production rates were significantly suppressed at 5 or 8°C. However, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentrations in mango mesocarp tissue at retrieval from storage were similar to the air controls and ACC synthase activity was not completely inhibited. The direct effects of CO2 concentrations on ACC oxidase activity is to be considered the most important factor in inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis of mangoes under 25% CO2 atmospheres.

scholarly journals Low Oxygen and Elevated Carbon Dioxide Atmospheres Inhibit Ethylene Biosynthesis in Preclimacteric and Climacteric Apple Fruit

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Gorny ◽  
Adel A. Kader
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Rate Limiting Step

Autocatalytic C2H4 biosynthesis in preclimacteric apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh. `Golden Delicious') was prevented by storage in atmospheres of 20% CO2-enriched air (17% O2 + 63% N2) or 0.25% O2 (balance N2). In preclimacteric fruit, both treatments inhibited C2H2 biosynthesis by suppressing expression of ACC synthase (ACC-S) at the mRNA level. ACC oxidase (ACC-O) mRNA abundance and in vitro enzyme activity also were impaired by these treatments. However, the conversion of ACC to C2H4 never became the rate limiting step in C2H4 biosynthesis. C2H4 biosynthesis also was effectively inhibited in climacteric apple fruit kept in air + 20% CO2 or 0.25% O2. Climacteric apples also exhibited suppressed expression of ACC-S at the mRNA level, while ACC-O transcript abundance, enzyme activity, and protein abundance were reduced only slightly. ACC-S is the key regulatory enzyme of C2H4 biosynthesis and is the major site at which elevated CO2 and reduced O2 atmospheres inhibit C2H4 biosynthesis, irrespective of fruit physiological maturity. Chemical names used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxcylic acid (ACC).

scholarly journals Expression of Ethylene Biosynthetic Genes in the Gynoecium and Receptacle Associated With Sepal Abscission During Senescence in Delphinium Grandiflorum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsutoshi Okamoto ◽  
Tomoko Niki ◽  
Mirai Azuma ◽  
Kenichi Shibuya ◽  
Kazuo Ichimura
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Biosynthetic Genes ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Highly Sensitive

Abstract Delphinium flowers are highly sensitive to ethylene and its sepals abscise during senescence, which is associated with increases in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) activities and ethylene production in gynoecium and receptacle. Three ACS genes (DgACS1, DgACS2, and DgACS3) and three ACO genes (DgACO1, DgACO2, and DgACO3) were cloned from Delphinium grandiflorum cv. Super Grand Blue. To investigate the contribution of these genes to ethylene production, their expression was analyzed in these genes in the gynoecium and receptacle during natural senescence and following ethylene exposure and pollination. Ethylene production in the gynoecium and receptacle increased during natural flower senescence. The transcript levels of the ACS and ACO genes in these organs, excluding DgACS2 in the receptacle, increased during senescence. Exposure to ethylene accelerated sepal abscission and more strongly increased ethylene production in the receptacle than in the gynoecium. DgACS1 transcript levels in the gynoecium and DgACS2 and DgACO3 transcript levels in the receptacle were increased by ethylene exposure. Pollination accelerated sepal abscission and increased ethylene production in the gynoecium and receptacle. Pollination slightly affected ACS and ACO transcript levels in the gynoecium, whereas DgACO3 transcript level in the receptacle were markedly increased. These results reveal that ACS and ACO gene expression is differently regulated in the gynoecium and receptacle, and some of these genes are more strongly upregulated by ethylene exposure and pollination in the receptacle than in the gynoecium, suggesting the significance of the receptacle to sepal abscission.

scholarly journals Elevated CO2 and/or Low O2 Atmospheres Influence ACC Synthase and ACC Oxidase during Long-term Storage of `Golden Delicious' Apple Fruit

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 782C-782
Author(s):  
James R. Gorny ◽  
Adel A. Kader
Keyword(s):  
Blot Analysis ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Compare And Contrast

The objective of this study was to compare and contrast the mode of action by which elevated carbon dioxide and/or reduced oxygen atmospheres inhibit ethylene biosynthesis. `Golden Delicious' apple fruit were placed at 0C in one of the following four atmospheres: 1) air; 2) air + 5% CO2; 3) 2% O2 + 98% N2; or 4) 2% O2 + 5% CO2 + 93% N2 and then sampled monthly for 4 months. Ethylene biosynthesis rates and in vitro ACC synthase activities were closely correlated in all treatments. In vitro ACC synthase activity and ethylene biosynthesis rates were lowest in fruit treated with 5% CO2 + 2% O2, while air-treated fruit had the highest ethylene biosynthesis rate and in vitro ACC synthase activity. Fruit treated with air + 5% CO2, or 2% O2 + 98% N2, had intermediate ethylene and in vitro ACC synthase activities. In vitro ACC oxidase was significantly different among treatments, but not as closely correlated with the ethylene biosynthesis rate as in vitro ACC synthase activity. Western blot analysis of the ACC oxidase protein was performed to determine if activity differences among treatments were correlated with the amount of enzyme present in vivo. ACC synthase and ACC oxidase mRNA transcript of abundance was determined via Northern blot analysis. Results will be discussed regarding how ethylene biosynthesis is inhibited at the molecular level by elevated CO2 and/or reduced O2.

scholarly journals Induction of Phytohormones and Differential Gene Expression in Citrus Flowers Infected by the Fungus Colletotrichum acutatum

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1394-1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Lahey ◽  
Rongcai Yuan ◽  
Jacqueline K. Burns ◽  
Peter P. Ueng ◽  
L. W. Timmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Differential Gene Expression ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Young Fruit ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Differential Gene

Colletotrichum acutatum infects citrus petals and induces premature fruit drop and the formation of persistent calyces. The accumulation of hormones and other growth regulators, and differential gene expression in affected flowers and young fruit, was examined following fungal infection. Ethylene evolution increased threefold and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) accumulation was as much as 140 times. Abscisic acid (ABA) levels showed no significant response. After infection, both trans- and cis-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid increased 8- to 10-fold. No significant difference of trans-jasmonic acid (JA) was observed in citrus flower petals or pistils. However, a fivefold increase of cis-JA was detected. The amount of salicylic acid (SA) was elevated twofold in affected petals, but not in pistils. Northern blot analyses revealed that the genes encoding ACC oxidase or ACC synthase, and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (12-oxo-PDA) reductase, were highly expressed in affected flowers. The genes encoding auxin-related proteins also were upregulated. Application of 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid (clofibrate; a putative auxin inhibitor), 2,3,5-triiodobenzolic acid (an auxin transport inhibitor), or SA after inoculation significantly decreased the accumulation of the gene transcripts of auxin-responsive, GH3-like protein and 12-oxo-PDA reductase, but resulted in higher percentages of young fruit retention. The results indicate that imbalance of IAA, ethylene, and JA in C. acutatum-infected flowers may be involved in symptom development and young fruit drop.

scholarly journals Ethylene Biosynthesis Inhibition Combined with Cyanide Degradation Confer Resistance to Quinclorac in Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zia Ul Haq ◽  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
Jiajia Wei ◽  
Sheng Qiang
Keyword(s):  
Binding Free Energy ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Relative Expression ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Ethylene Response ◽  
Cyanide Degradation ◽  
Oxidase Enzyme

Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis has rarely been reported for herbicide resistance, and no case of quinclorac resistance has been reported so far. Synthetic auxin-type herbicide quinclorac is used extensively to control rice weeds worldwide. A long history of using quinclorac in Chinese rice fields escalated the resistance in E. crus-galli var. mitis against this herbicide. Bioassays in Petri plates and pots exhibited four biotypes that evolved into resistance to quinclorac ranking as JS01-R > AH01-R > JS02-R > JX01-R from three provinces of China. Ethylene production in these biotypes was negatively correlated with resistance level and positively correlated with growth inhibition. Determination of the related ethylene response pathway exhibited resistance in biotypes that recorded a decline in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content, ACC synthase oxidase activities, and less inducible ACS and ACO genes expressions than the susceptible biotype, suggesting that there was a positive correlation between quinclorac resistance and ethylene biosynthesis inhibition. Cyanides produced during the ethylene biosynthesis pathway mainly degraded by the activity of β-cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS). Resistant biotypes exhibited higher β-CAS activity than the susceptible ones. Nucleotide changes were found in the EcCAS gene of resistant biotypes as compared to sensitive ones that caused three amino acid substitutions (Asn-105-Lys, Gln-195-Glu, and Gly-298-Val), resulting in alteration of enzyme structure, increased binding residues in the active site with its cofactor, and decreased binding free energy; hence, its activity was higher in resistant biotypes. Moreover, these mutations increased the structural stability of the enzyme. In view of the positive correlation between ethylene biosynthesis inhibition and cyanide degradation with resistance level, it is concluded that the alteration in ethylene response pathway or at least variation in ACC synthase and ACC oxidase enzyme activities—due to less relative expression of ACS and ACO genes and enhanced β-CAS activity, as well as mutation and increased relative expression of EcCAS gene—can be considered as a probable mechanism of quinclorac resistance in E. crus-galli var. mitis.

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