Effect of temperature on the wetting behavior of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in a twin-screw granulator

2019 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

Author(s):

S. Syed Raffic Ali ◽

K. Ambasankar ◽

S. Balachandran ◽

K. Ramachandran

Keyword(s):

Water Solubility ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Expansion Ratio ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Chanos Chanos ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Twin Screw ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Temperature Levels ◽

Lower Bulk Density

The present study evaluated the effect of varying levels of moisture and temperature on the extrudate properties of the milkfish (Chanos chanos) feed containing 31.49% protein and 4.71% lipid. Two trials were conducted in a pilot scale twin screw extruder using 3 mm die. In the first trial, the effect of temperature on extrudate properties was studied at five different temperatures viz., 80-90, 90-100, 100-110, 110-120 and 120-130°C. The results revealed that the temperature levels of 100-110, 110-120 and 120-130°C resulted in significantly (p<0.05) lower bulk density (BD) of the extrudate than at 80-90 and 90-100°C. Significantly (p<0.05) lower water solubility index (WSI) was recorded at 100-110°C, while further increase in temperature failed to show further reduction in water solubility. The pellet durability index (PDI) and expansion ratio (ER) showed a non-significant difference among the extrudates at 100-110, 110-120 and 120-130°C. In the second trial, the effect of additional moisture on the extrudate was evaluated by including water at 20, 25, 30 and 35% and the results revealed that 30% moisture addition resulted in significantly (p<0.05) lower BD, WSI and PDI of the extrudate than the other levels. The highest moisture level of 35% led to difficulty in operation while the lower levels from 25% failed to produce floating pellets. Results of this study infers that 30% moisture addition and a temperature of 100-110°C is optimalfor production of water stable floating milk fish feeds.

Download Full-text

Processing, rheology and structure of melt compounded PBTclay nanocomposites having different chemical composition.

e-Polymers ◽

10.1515/epoly.2006.6.1.295 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Luigi Scatteia ◽

Paola Scarfato ◽

Domenico Acierno

Keyword(s):

Flow Behavior ◽

Relaxation Times ◽

Empirical Method ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Gradual Transition ◽

Flow Properties ◽

Butylene Terephthalate ◽

Melt Compounding ◽

The Matrix ◽

Twin Screw

AbstractIn this study the melt flow behavior of poly(butylene terephthalate)-clay nanocomposites produced by melt compounding was investigated. Four commercial organo-modified montmorillonites, differing mainly by the organic treatment used in the modification, were employed as nanometric fillers and blended with the poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) at two weight percentages each (6 and 9wt%). The process was carried out using a laboratory-scale twin-screw extruder at two different extrusion rates, in order to evaluate the effect of the shear rate during the process on microstructure and flow properties. In this regard, the nanocomposite samples were submitted to morphological analyses and rheological measurements in the dynamic regime. The effect of temperature on the flow behavior of the hybrids with respect to the neat PBT matrix was also investigated. The obtained data were related to the hybrid compositions and then to the chemical affinity between polymer and clay type. All the reported results have shown a gradual transition from a pseudo-Newtonian trend towards a pseudo-solid-like flow behavior with the increase of the clay loading and the dispersion/exfoliation level of the clay particles, due to the corresponding increase of the polymer-silicate interactions that slow the relaxation times of the PBT chains. Moreover, it was also evident that for the fillers having the higher affinity towards the PBT the nano-scale dispersion benefit from higher residence times, and therefore slower extrusion rates; on the contrary, for the fillers having poor interaction with the polymer, higher shear stress, and therefore higher extrusion rates, are needed to disrupt the clay tactoids in smaller particles. In the last part of the work, in order to verify if a relationship between flow properties and degree of exfoliation does actually exist, the rheological data were also processed using a simple semi-quantitative empirical method proposed in literature. The method failed for our systems, thus underlining the insufficiency of the rheological response alone in quantifying the exfoliation degree of an organoclay in the matrix.

Download Full-text

Effect of temperature and substrate surface roughness on wetting behavior and interfacial structure between Sn–35Bi–1Ag solder and Cu substrate

Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics ◽

10.1007/s10854-020-02975-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 4224-4236 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yulong Li ◽

Zhiliang Wang ◽

Xuewen Li ◽

Min Lei

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Substrate Surface ◽

Interfacial Structure ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Wetting Behavior ◽

Cu Substrate ◽

Substrate Surface Roughness

Download Full-text

Nucleation of Disorder in Fe3Al Alloys

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100061574 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 312-313

Author(s):

P. R. Swann ◽

W. R. Duff ◽

R. M. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

Annealing Temperature ◽

Antiphase Domain ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Domain Structures ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Domain Boundaries ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

The One

Recently we have investigated the phase equilibria and antiphase domain structures of Fe-Al alloys containing from 18 to 50 at.% Al by transmission electron microscopy and Mössbauer techniques. This study has revealed that none of the published phase diagrams are correct, although the one proposed by Rimlinger agrees most closely with our results to be published separately. In this paper observations by transmission electron microscopy relating to the nucleation of disorder in Fe-24% Al will be described. Figure 1 shows the structure after heating this alloy to 776.6°C and quenching. The white areas are B2 micro-domains corresponding to regions of disorder which form at the annealing temperature and re-order during the quench. By examining specimens heated in a temperature gradient of 2°C/cm it is possible to determine the effect of temperature on the disordering reaction very precisely. It was found that disorder begins at existing antiphase domain boundaries but that at a slightly higher temperature (1°C) it also occurs by homogeneous nucleation within the domains. A small (∼ .01°C) further increase in temperature caused these micro-domains to completely fill the specimen.

Download Full-text

Determination of the phase structure of polymerblends by electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100109604 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 492-493

Author(s):

Dr. G. Kaemof

Keyword(s):

Screw Extruder ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Single Screw Extruder ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

The Matrix ◽

Twin Screw ◽

Special Case ◽

Microscopic Investigations

A mixture of polycarbonate (PC) and styrene-acrylonitrile-copolymer (SAN) represents a very good example for the efficiency of electron microscopic investigations concerning the determination of optimum production procedures for high grade product properties.The following parameters have been varied:components of charge (PC : SAN 50 : 50, 60 : 40, 70 : 30), kind of compounding machine (single screw extruder, twin screw extruder, discontinuous kneader), mass-temperature (lowest and highest possible temperature).The transmission electron microscopic investigations (TEM) were carried out on ultra thin sections, the PC-phase of which was selectively etched by triethylamine.The phase transition (matrix to disperse phase) does not occur - as might be expected - at a PC to SAN ratio of 50 : 50, but at a ratio of 65 : 35. Our results show that the matrix is preferably formed by the components with the lower melting viscosity (in this special case SAN), even at concentrations of less than 50 %.

Download Full-text

The effect of temperature on high-resolution TEM image contrast

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100139573 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 640-641

Author(s):

T. Geipel ◽

W. Mader ◽

P. Pirouz

Keyword(s):

Form Factor ◽

Inelastic Scattering ◽

Accurate Method ◽

Waller Factor ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Specimen Thickness ◽

Influence Of Temperature ◽

Debye Waller Factor ◽

Influence Of Temperature On ◽

Atomic Form Factor

Temperature affects both elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons in a crystal. The Debye-Waller factor, B, describes the influence of temperature on the elastic scattering of electrons, whereas the imaginary part of the (complex) atomic form factor, fc = fr + ifi, describes the influence of temperature on the inelastic scattering of electrons (i.e. absorption). In HRTEM simulations, two possible ways to include absorption are: (i) an approximate method in which absorption is described by a phenomenological constant, μ, i.e. fi; - μfr, with the real part of the atomic form factor, fr, obtained from Hartree-Fock calculations, (ii) a more accurate method in which the absorptive components, fi of the atomic form factor are explicitly calculated. In this contribution, the inclusion of both the Debye-Waller factor and absorption on HRTEM images of a (Oll)-oriented GaAs crystal are presented (using the EMS software.Fig. 1 shows the the amplitudes and phases of the dominant 111 beams as a function of the specimen thickness, t, for the cases when μ = 0 (i.e. no absorption, solid line) and μ = 0.1 (with absorption, dashed line).

Download Full-text