Effect of Residual Stress on the Destruction of Field Joints of Gas Pipelines Operating in Conditions of the North

Australia's relative isolation and the harsh environment in Bass Strait have led to many innovations in offshore oil and gas developments. The initial developers were moving into frontier territory when Bass Strait was developed, with the harsh sea state and the water depths presenting major challenges. The original development of Bass Strait in the 1960s was tied to a wet gas pipeline philosophy, which was a novel step-out from normal industry practice. For example, the North Sea developments, which started shortly after Bass Strait, adopted dry gas export pipelines and required substantially larger platforms to process the gas for export. The cold waters of Bass Strait require an active hydrate management strategy and the success of hydrate inhibitors has been a key element in using wet gas pipelines. The initial development relied on methanol for hydrate inhibition, but this changed to a glycol-based hydrate inhibitor within 10 years of production start-up, due to challenges in the onshore production facilities. The use of mono-ethylene glycol for management of wet gas pipelines was demonstrated in Bass Strait. The success of the initial developments has given operators the confidence to pursue marginal field developments that rely on wet gas transport to the beach. The Minerva, Casino, Thylacine and Longtom gas field developments in Bass Strait have all adopted the same strategy, in part because of the confidence provided from operating the initial developments for many years.

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SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE OF THE TYUMEN REGION IN THE AREA OF THE MAIN OIL AND GAS PIPELINES: SPATIAL LAYOUT AND SOCIOCULTURAL DYNAMICS

VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII ◽

10.20874/2071-0437-2019-47-4-15 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 186-194

Author(s):

M.G. Ganopolsky ◽

L.M. Markova

Keyword(s):

Industrial Development ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Cluster Formation ◽

Forced Migration ◽

Gas Pipelines ◽

Settlement Structure ◽

The North ◽

First Case ◽

Oil And Gas Pipelines ◽

New Settlements

The article analyses the settlement of the Tyumen Region from the perspective of the interaction between the traditional settlement scheme that has developed over the last four centuries, and a group of settlements, where oil pumping and/or gas compressor stations of main oil and gas pipelines are located and maintained. The genesis of this interaction revealed two main directions: eastern and northern. In the first case, the junction points of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which served as administrative outposts, initiated the process of forming agricul-tural, commercial and then industrial zones (and, accordingly, new settlements); the north direction reflects the main stages of Russia's advancement to the North, including the massive industrial development of a unique West-Siberian oil-and-gas province. The homogeneity of the considered settlements in terms the production, terri-torial and social aspects allows us to interpret them as a territorial and production cluster. The organising role of the pipeline transport network in the further development of this cluster is shown. Firstly, it contributed to the emergence of new settlements, and secondly, former small settlements turned into the nodal points of the trans-formed settlement scheme. The result of the cluster formation is correlated with the dynamics of the urbanisation process and is presented in the form of a framework for the development and settlement of the Tyumen Region and its scheme. The consideration of the subject matter is multidisciplinary in nature due to its complex and multi-aspect character. In this study, elements of various methods and approaches were employed: historical-geographical and economic-geographical when studying the genesis of the settlement structure; ethno-demographic when considering the processes of natural and forced migration; socio-cultural and economic-organisational when trying to create a sociocultural scheme of a territorial community.

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Residual Stresses Redistribution in Girth Weld Pipe After Reduction of the Wall Thickness

Volume 4: Materials Technology ◽

10.1115/omae2017-61181 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Xavier Ficquet ◽

Remi Romac ◽

Karim Serasli ◽

Ed J. Kingston

Keyword(s):

Residual Stress ◽

Residual Stresses ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Hole Drilling ◽

Gas Oil ◽

Internal Corrosion ◽

The North ◽

Before And After ◽

The North Sea ◽

Welded Pipe

Girth welded pipes, such as those located offshore on platforms in the North Sea, are subjected to highly corrosive environment. The need to consider welding residual stresses in the assessment of the fitness for service and damages to these pipes when investigating local corrosion damages across a welded region is therefore important for the operators of the platforms and the manufacturers of the pipes. This paper presents a review of work carried out to ascertain the welding residual stresses present within a thin-walled girth welded pipe mock-up made from steel API 5LX Grade 52 before and after reduction of the wall thickness. The mock-up was manufactured to replicate typical pipes used to convey gas, oil and water through the platforms. The mock-up was of diameter 30” and of thickness 19mm. The incremental deep hole drilling (iDHD), contour, hole drilling, XRD, and ultrasonic technique were applied to characterise the residual stresses in the weld and heat affected zone of the specimen. The residual stresses were then measured during the manufacture of a groove located on the weld at the ID and were compared to an FE prediction. Ultrasonic measurements were then carried out on the outer surface of the pipe and show a significant increase in the residual stress and could be used to monitor the changes in the residual stress caused by internal corrosion.

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Simulation of Residual Stress Effect on Stress Corrosion Crack Growth in Gas Pipelines

Volume 3: Pipeline and Riser Technology; Ocean Space Utilization ◽

10.1115/omae2008-57495 ◽

2008 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. R. Fourozan ◽

M. Olfatnia ◽

S. J. Golestaneh

Keyword(s):

Residual Stress ◽

Stress Intensity Factor ◽

Stress Intensity ◽

Intensity Factor ◽

Stress Corrosion ◽

Stress Corrosion Crack ◽

Crack Growth ◽

Crack Tip ◽

Gas Pipelines ◽

Stress Corrosion Crack Growth

In this paper, a quantitative study on stress corrosion crack growth in large diameter gas pipelines is presented. Finite element method is applied for determining stress intensity factor at the crack tip. First a small semi-elliptical axial surface crack is assumed. Then internal gas pressure and residual stress, induced from welding process, are considered. Applied forces and crack growth rate are calculated as a function of stress intensity factor based on an empirical equation. Crack front shape is determined by calculating stress intensity factor distributions along the crack tip. As a result, the effect of residual stress on stress intensity factor and therefore crack growth is determined. In addition, minimum crack size that activates the stress corrosion cracking mechanism is determined. It is shown that the applied method could be used to estimate the reliable life of pipeline and the suitable time for inspection of the pipeline’s surface.

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An Investigation of Residual Stress, Hardness, and Texture on Stress Corrosion Cracking in a Gas Pipeline

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.777.199 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 777 ◽

pp. 199-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Michael Law ◽

Vladimir Luzin ◽

Valerie Linton ◽

Erwin Gamboa

Keyword(s):

Residual Stress ◽

Plastic Strain ◽

Stress Corrosion ◽

Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽

Corrosion Cracking ◽

Gas Pipeline ◽

The Other ◽

Gas Pipelines ◽

Pipe Surface ◽

Stress Profiles

Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) may be a serious problem in gas pipelines. This work studies the hardness and residual stress profiles in two nominally identical sections of adjacent pipe with similar environment and coating, one of which was affected by detectable SCC and the other that was not. The results show changes in texture, residual stress, plastic strain, and hardness at the pipe surface which may be responsible for the altered susceptibility to SCC.

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Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international ◽

10.1017/s0069005800006652 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 263-290

Author(s):

J. Anthony VanDuzer

Keyword(s):

Free Trade Agreement ◽

Dispute Settlement ◽

Trade Agreement ◽

Minimum Standards ◽

The North ◽

State Behaviour ◽

Nafta Chapter 11 ◽

To Come ◽

The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

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