Evaluation of the Limiting Condition of Main Gas Pipelines After Prolonged Operation Under Conditions of the North

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 162-165
Author(s):  
A. M. Bol’shakov ◽  
A. V. Burnashev
Keyword(s):  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Prolonged Operation ◽  
The North ◽  
Limiting Condition

Friction Factor in High-Pressure Gas Pipelines in the North Sea

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elling Sletfjerding ◽  
Jon Steinar Gudmundsson ◽  
Karl Sjøen
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Friction Factor ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

A long history of wet gas pipelines in Victoria

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
Steve Henzell
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
The North ◽  
Wet Gas ◽  
Industry Practice ◽  
Offshore Oil And Gas ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Marginal Field

Australia's relative isolation and the harsh environment in Bass Strait have led to many innovations in offshore oil and gas developments. The initial developers were moving into frontier territory when Bass Strait was developed, with the harsh sea state and the water depths presenting major challenges. The original development of Bass Strait in the 1960s was tied to a wet gas pipeline philosophy, which was a novel step-out from normal industry practice. For example, the North Sea developments, which started shortly after Bass Strait, adopted dry gas export pipelines and required substantially larger platforms to process the gas for export. The cold waters of Bass Strait require an active hydrate management strategy and the success of hydrate inhibitors has been a key element in using wet gas pipelines. The initial development relied on methanol for hydrate inhibition, but this changed to a glycol-based hydrate inhibitor within 10 years of production start-up, due to challenges in the onshore production facilities. The use of mono-ethylene glycol for management of wet gas pipelines was demonstrated in Bass Strait. The success of the initial developments has given operators the confidence to pursue marginal field developments that rely on wet gas transport to the beach. The Minerva, Casino, Thylacine and Longtom gas field developments in Bass Strait have all adopted the same strategy, in part because of the confidence provided from operating the initial developments for many years.

scholarly journals SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE OF THE TYUMEN REGION IN THE AREA OF THE MAIN OIL AND GAS PIPELINES: SPATIAL LAYOUT AND SOCIOCULTURAL DYNAMICS

2019 ◽  
pp. 186-194
Author(s):  
M.G. Ganopolsky ◽  
L.M. Markova
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Settlement Structure ◽  
The North ◽  
First Case ◽  
Oil And Gas Pipelines ◽  
New Settlements

The article analyses the settlement of the Tyumen Region from the perspective of the interaction between the traditional settlement scheme that has developed over the last four centuries, and a group of settlements, where oil pumping and/or gas compressor stations of main oil and gas pipelines are located and maintained. The genesis of this interaction revealed two main directions: eastern and northern. In the first case, the junction points of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which served as administrative outposts, initiated the process of forming agricul-tural, commercial and then industrial zones (and, accordingly, new settlements); the north direction reflects the main stages of Russia's advancement to the North, including the massive industrial development of a unique West-Siberian oil-and-gas province. The homogeneity of the considered settlements in terms the production, terri-torial and social aspects allows us to interpret them as a territorial and production cluster. The organising role of the pipeline transport network in the further development of this cluster is shown. Firstly, it contributed to the emergence of new settlements, and secondly, former small settlements turned into the nodal points of the trans-formed settlement scheme. The result of the cluster formation is correlated with the dynamics of the urbanisation process and is presented in the form of a framework for the development and settlement of the Tyumen Region and its scheme. The consideration of the subject matter is multidisciplinary in nature due to its complex and multi-aspect character. In this study, elements of various methods and approaches were employed: historical-geographical and economic-geographical when studying the genesis of the settlement structure; ethno-demographic when considering the processes of natural and forced migration; socio-cultural and economic-organisational when trying to create a sociocultural scheme of a territorial community.

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 263-290
Author(s):  
J. Anthony VanDuzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Nafta Chapter 11 ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

Long-term Cyclic Variations of Prominences, Green and Red Coronae over Solar Cycles

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
Vojtech Rušin ◽  
Milan Minarovjech ◽  
Milan Rybanský
Keyword(s):  
Emission Lines ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Green Line ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
The South ◽  
Coronal Emission ◽  
Local Maxima ◽  
The North ◽  
Cyclic Variations

AbstractLong-term cyclic variations in the distribution of prominences and intensities of green (530.3 nm) and red (637.4 nm) coronal emission lines over solar cycles 18–23 are presented. Polar prominence branches will reach the poles at different epochs in cycle 23: the north branch at the beginning in 2002 and the south branch a year later (2003), respectively. The local maxima of intensities in the green line show both poleward- and equatorward-migrating branches. The poleward branches will reach the poles around cycle maxima like prominences, while the equatorward branches show a duration of 18 years and will end in cycle minima (2007). The red corona shows mostly equatorward branches. The possibility that these branches begin to develop at high latitudes in the preceding cycles cannot be excluded.

An ultrastructural study of sertoli cells in two geographically isolated populations of Aphanius dispar

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 548-549
Author(s):  
Taber A. Ba-Omar ◽  
Philip F. Prentis
Keyword(s):  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Freshwater Teleost ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
The North ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Group B ◽  
Geographically Isolated

We have recently carried out a study of spermiogenic differentiation in two geographically isolated populations of Aphanius dispar (freshwater teleost), with a view to ascertaining variation at the ultrastructural level. The sampling areas were the Jebel Al Akhdar in the north (Group A) and the Dhofar region (Group B) in the south. Specimens from each group were collected, the testes removed, fixed in Karnovsky solution, post fixed in OsO, en bloc stained with uranyl acetate and then routinely processed to Agar 100 resin, semi and ultrathin sections were prepared for study.

SEM and TEM observations of sperm development in the testis of the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
Daryl A. Cornish ◽  
George L. Smit
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Sem And Tem ◽  
Sperm Development ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics ◽  
The University

Oreochromis mossambicus is currently receiving much attention as a candidater species for aquaculture programs within Southern Africa. This has stimulated interest in its breeding cycle as well as the morphological characteristics of the gonads. Limited information is available on SEM and TEM observations of the male gonads. It is known that the testis of O. mossambicus is a paired, intra-abdominal structure of the lobular type, although further details of its characteristics are not known. Current investigations have shown that spermatids reach full maturity some two months after the female becomes gravid. Throughout the year, the testes contain spermatids at various stages of development although spermiogenesis appears to be maximal during November when spawning occurs. This paper describes the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the testes and spermatids.Specimens of this fish were collected at Syferkuil Dam, 8 km north- west of the University of the North over a twelve month period, sacrificed and the testes excised.

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