Research Note: Contamination of Eggs by Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in Experimentally Infected Laying Hens in Indoor Cage-Free Housing

Salmonella enterica is one of the most common causes of foodborne illness worldwide. Contaminated poultry products, especially meat and eggs are the main sources of human salmonellosis. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profiles, virulence, and resistance genes of Salmonella Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) and Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) isolated from laying hens, table eggs, and humans, in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The antimicrobial activity of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) was also evaluated. Salmonella spp. were found in 19.3% of tested samples with laying hens having the highest isolation rate (33.1%). S. Enteritidis) (5.8%), and S. Typhimurium (2.8%) were the dominant serotypes. All isolates were ampicillin resistant (100%); however, none of the isolates were meropenem resistant. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) was detected in 83.8% of the isolates with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.21 to 0.57. Most isolates (81.1%) had at least three virulence genes (sopB, stn, and hilA) and none of the isolates harbored the pefA gene; four resistance genes (blaTEM, tetA, nfsA, and nfsB) were detected in 56.8% of the examined isolates. The AgNPs biosynthesized by Aspergillus niveus exhibit an absorption peak at 420 nm with an average size of 27 nm. AgNPs had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 5 µg/mL against S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolates and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 6 and 8 µg/mL against S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolates, respectively. The bacterial growth and gene expression of S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolates treated with AgNPs were gradually decreased as storage time was increased. In conclusion, this study indicates that S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolated from laying hens, table eggs, and humans exhibits resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed potential antimicrobial activity against MDR S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolates. However, studies to assess the antimicrobial effectiveness of the biosynthesized AgNPs in laying hen farms are warranted.

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Applied Research Note: Internal Organ Colonization and Horizontal Transmission of Experimental Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Kentucky Infection in Vaccinated Laying Hens in Indoor Cage-Free Housing

The Journal of Applied Poultry Research ◽

10.1016/j.japr.2020.100132 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 100132

Author(s):

Richard K. Gast ◽

Deana R. Jones ◽

Rupa Guraya ◽

Kenneth E. Anderson ◽

Darrin M. Karcher

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Applied Research ◽

Laying Hens ◽

Horizontal Transmission ◽

Research Note ◽

Organ Colonization

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Efficacy of a Live Avirulent Salmonella typhimuriun Vaccine in Preventing Colonization and Invasion of Laying Hens by Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis

Avian Diseases ◽

10.2307/1592330 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 783 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Jubril Olu Hassan ◽

Roy Curtiss

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Laying Hens

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Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-1 Detected on an IncI2 Plasmid in Salmonella Typhimurium Sequence Type 19 from a Healthy Pig in South Korea

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9020398 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 398

Author(s):

Dong Chan Moon ◽

Su-Jeong Kim ◽

Abraham Fikru Mechesso ◽

Hee Young Kang ◽

Hyun-Ju Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Korea ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Sequence Type ◽

Intestinal Epithelial ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

Salmonella Gallinarum ◽

Additional Resistance ◽

Food Animals

Colistin is considered the last resort for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. We studied colistin resistance and the mcr-1 gene carriage in Salmonella isolates recovered from food animals in South Korea between 2010 and 2018. Colistin resistance was found in 277 isolates, predominantly in Salmonella Enteritidis (57.1%) and Salmonella Gallinarum (41.9%). However, the mcr-1 gene was identified in only one colistin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium (MIC = 16 µg/mL) isolated from a healthy pig. The mcr-1 carrying isolate presented additional resistance to multiple antimicrobials. The strain belonged to sequence type (ST)19 and carried various virulence factor genes that are associated with adhesion and invasion of Salmonella into intestinal epithelial cells, as well as its survival in macrophages. The mcr-1 gene was identified on an IncI2 plasmid and it was also transferred to the E. coli J53 recipient strain. The mcr-1-carrying plasmid (pK18JST013) in this study was closely related to that previously reported in S. Indiana (pCFSA664-3) from chicken in China. This is the first report of mcr-1 carrying S. Typhimurium in South Korea. The finding indicates the importance of regular screening for the presence of the mcr-1 gene in S. Typhimurium in food animals to prevent the spread to humans.

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Effects of Essential Oils-Based Supplement and Salmonella Infection on Gene Expression, Blood Parameters, Cecal Microbiome, and Egg Production in Laying Hens

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020360 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 360

Author(s):

Georgi Yu. Laptev ◽

Elena A. Yildirim ◽

Larisa A. Ilina ◽

Valentina A. Filippova ◽

Ivan I. Kochish ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Egg Production ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Laying Hens ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Production Traits ◽

Immunological Parameters ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Blood Biochemical

One of the main roles in poultry resistance to infections caused by Salmonella is attributed to host immunity and intestinal microbiota. We conducted an experiment that involved challenging Lohmann White laying hens with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE), feeding them a diet supplemented with an EOs-based phytobiotic Intebio®. At 1 and 7 days post-inoculation, the expression profiles of eight genes related to immunity, transport of nutrients in the intestine, and metabolism were examined. Cecal microbiome composition and blood biochemical/immunological indices were also explored and egg production traits recorded. As a result, the SE challenge of laying hens and Intebio® administration had either a suppressive or activating effect on the expression level of the studied genes (e.g., IL6 and BPIFB3), the latter echoing mammalian/human tissue-specific expression. There were also effects of the pathogen challenge and phytobiotic intake on the cecal microbiome profiles and blood biochemical/immunological parameters, including those reflecting the activity of the birds’ immune systems (e.g., serum bactericidal activity, β-lysine content, and immunoglobulin levels). Significant differences between control and experimental subgroups in egg performance traits (i.e., egg weight/number/mass) were also found. The phytobiotic administration suggested a positive effect on the welfare and productivity of poultry.

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