scholarly journals Influence of sex, menstrual cycle, and hormonal contraceptives on egocentric navigation with or without landmarks

2020 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 104768
Author(s):  
A. Bernal ◽  
R. Mateo-Martínez ◽  
D. Paolieri
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Egocentric Navigation

Neither gender nor menstrual cycle phase influences exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis in untrained subjects

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Navalta ◽  
Darlene A. Sedlock ◽  
Kyung-Shin Park ◽  
Brian K. McFarlin
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Lymphocyte Apoptosis ◽  
Menstrual Cycle Phase ◽  
Apoptotic Response ◽  
Exercise Induced

Lymphocyte apoptosis increases following maximal exercise. Estrogen hormones (E2) have been shown to protect lymphocytes from apoptosis in vitro, but it is unknown whether they can attenuate the apoptotic response to maximal exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of menstrual cycle variation on exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis in humans following exercise. Untrained healthy young men and regularly menstruating women not using hormonal contraceptives volunteered for the study. Women performed a maximal effort treadmill test for VO2 max once in the follicular phase (FOL) and once in the mid-luteal phase (ML) of their cycles. Men completed two VO2 max tests with periods of time between tests matched to those of the female subjects. Blood was collected before (PRE) and immediately after exercise (POST), and analyzed for apoptotic lymphocytes and estradiol. E2 concentrations in women were significantly greater during ML versus during FOL, both PRE and POST (p < 0.0001). The percent of exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis was similar between women (23.2% ± 1.0%) and men (21.5% ± 0.4%). In women, the apoptotic response to maximal exercise was similar regardless of menstrual cycle phase (FOL = 23.7% ± 0.9%, ML = 22.7% ± 1.1%). Although elevated female sex hormones in vitro may exert anti-apoptotic effects, these data suggest that in vivo concentrations confer no protection to lymphocytes during exhaustive exercise.

Physiological changes of adipokines during the menstrual cycle

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 41-42
Author(s):  
Monika Šrámková ◽  
Michaela Dušková ◽  
Jana Vítků ◽  
Petr Matucha ◽  
Olga Bradnová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Magnetic Bead ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Notable Increase ◽  
17 Hydroxyprogesterone

Background. The cyclical effects of hormones during the menstrual cycle (MC) are responsible for driving ovulation. The information about roles of adipokines within the scope of MC are not definite. Leptin plays a role in sexual function and regulating the onset of puberty. Thin girls often fail to ovulate or release an egg from an ovary during menstruation cycles. Leptin also acts on specific receptors in the hypothalamus to inhibit appetite. Levels of leptin are increased in women suffering from premenstrual syndrome.Aim. The aim of our study was to describe physiological changes of selected steroids and adipokines at healthy women during the MC.Methods. Twenty-seven women with regular menstrual cycles were included in the study. Each sample was collected in cooled EDTA tubes, centrifuged at 2000 rpm in a refrigerated centrifuge, and stored at –80 °C. For all samples we measured luteinizing hormone (LH), follicularstimulating hormone (FSH), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), estradiol, 7α-DHEA, 7β-DHEA, 7-oxoDHEA, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OH P), progesterone, cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by RIA and IRMA. Levels in plasma of hormones associated with food intake (c-peptide, ghreline, GIP, GLP, GLP-1, glucagon, insulin, leptin, PAI-1, resistin and visfatin) were measured using magnetic bead-based multiple assays (x-MAP technology, Luminex Corporation). Two kits were used: the 10-plex Bio-Plex Pro Human Diabetes assay and the 2-plex Bio-Plex Pro Human Adiponectin and Adipsin assay (both Bio-Rad Laboratories).Patient. Twenty-seven women with regular menstrual cycles (cycle length 28±2 days) were included in the study. The average age of the women was 31.8±3.56, and average BMI 22.9±2.8. The women used no hormonal contraceptives or other medicines influencing the production of steroid hormones, and were non-smokers. Before enrollment in the study, all signed informed consent that was approved by the local ethical committee of the Institute of Endocrinology.Intervention. Fasting blood samples were taken in the morning between 7 and 8 am. The first sampling was done at the start of the menstrual cycle (1st or 2nd day). Subsequent samples were taken at regular intervals every three days, for a total of 10 samples taken during the study.Main outcome measures. During the MC we found increased levels of testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone during ovulation. SHBG gradually increased after ovulation. There was a significant decrease in resistin levels during ovulation, followed by an increase in the latter part of the cycle. Adipsin showed a notable increase during ovulation, but this increase was not statistically significant.Results. Classical changes in gonadotropins, estrogens and progesterone during the menstrual cycle are accompanied by less striking but significant changes in 17-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone. No significant changes show dehydroepiandrosterone and its 7-oxygenated metabolites. Adipokines show a tendency to increase during ovulation, while ghrelin and resistin decrease. There is also a remarkable association of sex hormone binging globuline (SHBG) on the day of the cycle.Conclusions. Our results demonstrate that changes to adipokines during the menstrual cycle are not substantial. Differing leptin levels are characteristic for premenstrual syndrome. Precise descriptions of physiological changes in healthy women are important in helping us understand the significance of the changes accompanying various pathological states.

scholarly journals Effect of menstrual cycle phase, menstrual irregularities and hormonal contraceptive use on anterior knee laxity and non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury occurrence in women: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. e001170
Author(s):  
Elisa Nédélec ◽  
Elvis Foli ◽  
Sandra J Shultz ◽  
Paul A Swinton ◽  
Eimear Dolan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Ligament Injury ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Anterior Knee

Exercising women report three to six times more ACL tears than men, which happen, in the majority of cases, with a non-contact mechanism. This sex disparity has, in part, been attributed to the differences in reproductive hormone profiles between men and women. Many studies have shown that anterior knee (AK) laxity and the rate of non-contact ACL injuries vary across the menstrual cycle, but these data are inconsistent. Similarly, several studies have investigated the potential protective effect of hormonal contraceptives on non-contact ACL injuries, but their conclusions are also variable. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to, identify, evaluate and summarise the effects of endogenous and exogenous ovarian hormones on AK laxity (primary outcome) and the occurrence of non-contact ACL injuries (secondary outcome) in women. We will perform a systematic search for all observational studies conducted on this topic. Studies will be retrieved by searching electronic databases, clinical trial registers, author’s personal files and cross-referencing selected studies. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for Cohort and Case–Control Studies. Certainty in the cumulative evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. The meta-analyses will use a Bayesian approach to address specific research questions in a more intuitive and probabilistic manner. This review is registered on the international database of prospectively registered systematic reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42021252365).

scholarly journals Variation in the Hearing Threshold in Women during the Menstrual Cycle

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (04) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayse Souza ◽  
Brunna Luckwu ◽  
Wagner Andrade ◽  
Luciane Pessoa ◽  
João Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Hearing Threshold ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Hearing Thresholds ◽  
Hormonal Fluctuations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

Introduction The hormonal changes that occur during the menstrual cycle and their relationship with hearing problems have been studied. However, they have not been well explained. Objective The objective of our study is to investigate the variation in hearing thresholds in women during the menstrual cycle. Method We conducted a cohort and longitudinal study. It was composed of 30 volunteers, aged 18–39 years old, of which 20 were women during the phases of the menstrual cycle and 10 were men (control group) who underwent audiometry and impedance exams, to correlate the possible audiological changes in each phase of the menstrual cycle. Results There were significant changes in hearing thresholds observed during the menstrual cycle phases in the group of women who used hormonal contraceptives and the group who did not use such contraceptives. Improved hearing thresholds were observed in the late follicular phase in the group who did not use hormonal contraceptives and the hearing thresholds at high frequencies were better. Throughout the menstrual cycle phases, the mean variation was 3.6 db HL between weeks in the group who used hormonal contraceptives and 4.09 db HL in the group who did not use them. Conclusions The present study found that there may be a relationship between hearing changes and hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle based on changes in the hearing thresholds of women. In addition, this study suggests that estrogen has an otoprotective effect on hearing, since the best hearing thresholds were found when estrogen was at its maximum peak.

Evidence of Reduced Peripheral Microvascular Function in Young Black Women Across the Menstrual Cycle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele N. D'Agata ◽  
Elissa K. Hoopes ◽  
Felicia R. Berube ◽  
Alexandra E. Hirt ◽  
Andrew V. Kuczmarski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Racial Disparity ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
White Women ◽  
Microvascular Function ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Flow Area ◽  
Leg Blood Flow

Black women (BLW) have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality compared to white women (WHW). A racial disparity in CVD risk has been identified early in life as young adult BLW demonstrate attenuated vascular function compared to WHW. Previous studies comparing vascular function between premenopausal WHW and BLW have been limited to the early follicular (EF) phase of the menstrual cycle, which may not reflect their vascular function during other menstrual phases. Therefore, we evaluated peripheral microvascular function in premenopausal WHW and BLW using passive leg movement (PLM) during three menstrual phases: EF, ovulation (OV), and mid-luteal (ML). We hypothesized that microvascular function would be augmented during the OV and ML phases compared to the EF phase in both groups, but would be attenuated in BLW compared to WHW at all three phases. PLM was performed on 26 apparently healthy premenopausal women not using hormonal contraceptives: 15 WHW (23±3 years), 11 BLW (24±5 years). There was a main effect of race on the overall change in leg blood flow (∆LBF) (p=0.01) and leg blood flow area under the curve (LBF AUC) (p=0.02), such that LBF was lower in BLW. However, there was no effect of phase on ∆LBF (p=0.69) or LBF AUC (p=0.65), nor an interaction between race and phase on ∆LBF (p=0.37) or LBF AUC (p=0.75). Despite peripheral microvascular function being unchanged across the menstrual cycle, a racial disparity was apparent as microvascular function was attenuated in BLW compared to WHW across the menstrual cycle.

scholarly journals Molecular Signatures of Immune Activation and Epithelial Barrier Remodeling Are Enhanced during the Luteal Phase of the Menstrual Cycle: Implications for HIV Susceptibility

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (17) ◽  
pp. 8793-8805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenzie Birse ◽  
Kelly B. Arnold ◽  
Richard M. Novak ◽  
Stuart McCorrister ◽  
Souradet Shaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Gene Set Enrichment ◽  
Gene Set

ABSTRACTThe variable infectivity and transmissibility of HIV/SHIV has been recently associated with the menstrual cycle, with particular susceptibility observed during the luteal phase in nonhuman primate models andex vivohuman explant cultures, but the mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we performed an unbiased, mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis to better understand the mucosal immunological processes underpinning this observed susceptibility to HIV infection. Cervicovaginal lavage samples (n= 19) were collected, characterized as follicular or luteal phase using days since last menstrual period, and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. Biological insights from these data were gained using a spectrum of computational methods, including hierarchical clustering, pathway analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, and partial least-squares discriminant analysis with LASSO feature selection. Of the 384 proteins identified, 43 were differentially abundant between phases (P< 0.05, ≥2-fold change). Cell-cell adhesion proteins and antiproteases were reduced, and leukocyte recruitment (interleukin-8 pathway,P= 1.41E–5) and extravasation proteins (P= 5.62E–4) were elevated during the luteal phase. LASSO/PLSDA identified a minimal profile of 18 proteins that best distinguished the luteal phase. This profile included cytoskeletal elements and proteases known to be involved in cellular movement. Gene set enrichment analysis associated CD4+T cell and neutrophil gene set signatures with the luteal phase (P< 0.05). Taken together, our findings indicate a strong association between proteins involved in tissue remodeling and leukocyte infiltration with the luteal phase, which may represent potential hormone-associated mechanisms of increased susceptibility to HIV.IMPORTANCERecent studies have discovered an enhanced susceptibility to HIV infection during the progesterone-dominant luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. However, the mechanism responsible for this enhanced susceptibility has not yet been determined. Understanding the source of this vulnerability will be important for designing efficacious HIV prevention technologies for women. Furthermore, these findings may also be extrapolated to better understand the impact of exogenous hormone application, such as the use of hormonal contraceptives, on HIV acquisition risk. Hormonal contraceptives are the most widely used contraceptive method in sub-Saharan Africa, the most HIV-burdened area of the world. For this reason, research conducted to better understand how hormones impact host immunity and susceptibility factors important for HIV infection is a global health priority.

scholarly journals Experimenter Effects on Pain Reporting in Women Vary across the Menstrual Cycle

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob M. Vigil ◽  
Jared DiDomenico ◽  
Chance Strenth ◽  
Patrick Coulombe ◽  
Eric Kruger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Pain Reporting ◽  
Pain Experiences

Background. Separate lines of research have shown that menstrual cycling and contextual factors such as the gender of research personnel influence experimental pain reporting.Objectives. This study examines how brief, procedural interactions with female and male experimenters can affect experimentally reported pain (cold pressor task, CPT) across the menstrual cycle.Methods. Based on the menstrual calendars 94 naturally cycling women and 38 women using hormonal contraceptives (Mage=19.83,  SD=3.09) were assigned to low and high fertility groups. This assignment was based on estimates of their probability of conception given their current cycle day. Experimenters (12 males, 7 females) engaged in minimal procedural interactions with participants before the CPT was performed in solitude.Results. Naturally cycling women in the high fertility group showed significantly higher pain tolerance (81 sec,d=.79) following interactions with a male but not a female experimenter. Differences were not found for women in the low fertility or contraceptive groups.Discussion. The findings illustrate that menstrual functioning moderates the effect that experimenter gender has on pain reporting in women.Conclusion. These findings have implications for standardizing pain measurement protocols and understanding how basic biopsychosocial mechanisms (e.g., person-perception systems) can modulate pain experiences.

scholarly journals Differences in Platelet Glycoprotein Expression During Menstruation Cycle and Ovulatory Phase

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Faisal M. Alzahrani ◽  
Fathelrahman M. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Platelet Glycoprotein ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Platelet Activity ◽  
Reproductive Age Women ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Integrin Gene

INTRODUCTION: The variations in the physiological properties of female platelets during menstrual cycle phases, pregnancy and postmenopausal women to interactions with platelet CD49b, CD42b, CD41a and CD61 expression glycoprotein receptors were not well understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of these glycoprotein receptors during menstruation and ovulatory phase of menstrual cycle in reproductive age women. METHODS: It is across section study including 44 healthy young non‑hormonal contraceptives taking women aged between 19-44 years to determine the effect of estrogen on the expression level of platelet glycoprotein receptors (GPIb, GPIIa, GPIIb and GPIIIa) in its resting state in women in reproductive age. RESULTS: No significant difference in the expression of CD42b, CD41a and CD61 between menstruation and ovulatory phases in resting platelets in all subjects. However, this study showed a significant difference in CD49b expression in none-Arab ethnic subjects compared to Arab women. CONCLUSION &amp; RECOMMENDATIONS: This study suggested CD49b glycoprotein receptor used to be the commonly expression on the surface of platelet at some stage in menstruation and ovulatory segment of menstrual cycle in reproductive age women in turn extended platelet activity. Further studies including large number of subjects, platelet integrin gene polymorphisms and progesterone factors changes in platelet clotting associated to menstrual cycle should be conducted.

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