Inhibition of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has been shown to be a promising strategy for the treatment of inflammation and cancer. Here, we show that proteasome inhibitors MG132, PSI-1, and lactacystin induce COX-2 expression via enhancing gene transcription rather than preventing protein degradation in the human alveolar NCI-H292 and A549, and gastric AGS epithelial cells. NF-IL6 and CRE, but not NF-κB elements on the COX-2 promoter were involved in the gene transcription event. The binding of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)β and C/EBPδ to the CRE and NF-IL6 elements, as well as the recruitment of CBP and the enhancement of histone H3 and H4 acetylation on the COX-2 promoter was enhanced by MG132. However, it did not affect the total protein levels of C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ. MG132-induced DNA-binding activity of C/EBPδ, but not C/EBPβ was regulated by p38, PI3K, Src, and protein kinase C. Small interfering RNA of C/EBPδ suppressed COX-2 expression, further strengthening the role of C/EBPδ in COX-2 gene transcription. In addition, the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to MG132 contributed to the activation of MAPKs and Akt. These findings reveal that the induction of COX-2 transcription induced by proteasome inhibitors requires ROS-dependent protein kinases activation and the subsequent recruitments of C/EBPδ and CBP.
Astrocytic CCAAT/Enhancer-binding protein delta contributes to reactive oxygen species formation in neuroinflammation
