Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der landesplanerischen Steuerung des Windenergieausbaus

The expansion of onshore wind energy is faltering. The federal states, which can control the expansion through goals and principles in state-wide spatial plans, have a share in this. The study shows that the associated restriction of the freedom to build is subject to the principle of proportionality as a content and limitation provision of property. Based on the system of spatial control of wind energy in the BauGB (Federal Building Code). and ROG (Regional Planning Act), a substance requirement for the use of wind energy in outdoor areas is derived from the privilege in § 35 para. 1 No. 5 BauGB. On the basis of the specifications in state-wide spatial development plans, it is evaluated to what extent protective goods, such as immission control or acceptance, can be used as justification.

E/Z Molecular Photoswitches Activated by Two-Photon Absorption: Comparison between Different Families

Nonlinear optical techniques as two-photon absorption (TPA) have raised relevant interest within the last years due to the capability to excite chromophores with photons of wavelength equal to only half of the corresponding one-photon absorption energy. At the same time, its probability being proportional to the square of the light source intensity, it allows a better spatial control of the light-induced phenomenon. Although a consistent number of experimental studies focus on increasing the TPA cross section, very few of them are devoted to the study of photochemical phenomena induced by TPA. Here, we show a design strategy to find suitable E/Z photoswitches that can be activated by TPA. A theoretical approach is followed to predict the TPA cross sections related to different excited states of various photoswitches’ families, finally concluding that protonated Schiff-bases (retinal)-like photoswitches outperform compared to the others. The donor-acceptor substitution effect is therefore rationalized for the successful TPA activatable photoswitch, in order to maximize its properties, finally also forecasting a possible application in optogenetics. Some experimental measurements are also carried out to support our conclusions.

Exploring the Spatial Control of Topotactic Phase Transitions Using Vertically Oriented Epitaxial Interfaces

Engineering oxygen vacancy formation and distribution is a powerful route for controlling the oxygen sublattice evolution that affects diverse functional behavior. The controlling of the oxygen vacancy formation process is particularly important for inducing topotactic phase transitions that occur by transformation of the oxygen sublattice. Here we demonstrate an epitaxial nanocomposite approach for exploring the spatial control of topotactic phase transition from a pristine perovskite phase to an oxygen vacancy-ordered brownmillerite (BM) phase in a model oxide La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO). Incorporating a minority phase NiO in LSMO films creates ultrahigh density of vertically aligned epitaxial interfaces that strongly influence the oxygen vacancy formation and distribution in LSMO. Combined structural characterizations reveal strong interactions between NiO and LSMO across the epitaxial interfaces leading to a topotactic phase transition in LSMO accompanied by significant morphology evolution in NiO. Using the NiO nominal ratio as a single control parameter, we obtain intermediate topotactic nanostructures with distinct distribution of the transformed LSMO-BM phase, which enables systematic tuning of magnetic and electrical transport properties. The use of self-assembled heterostructure interfaces by the epitaxial nanocomposite platform enables more versatile design of topotactic phase structures and correlated functionalities that are sensitive to oxygen vacancies.

Spatial control of avidity regulates initiation and progression of selective autophagy

Autophagosomes form at the endoplasmic reticulum in mammals, and between the vacuole and the endoplasmic reticulum in yeast. However, the roles of these sites and the mechanisms regulating autophagosome formation are incompletely understood. Vac8 is required for autophagy and recruits the Atg1 kinase complex to the vacuole. Here we show that Vac8 acts as a central hub to nucleate the phagophore assembly site at the vacuolar membrane during selective autophagy. Vac8 directly recruits the cargo complex via the Atg11 scaffold. In addition, Vac8 recruits the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex independently of autophagy. Cargo-dependent clustering and Vac8-dependent sequestering of these early autophagy factors, along with local Atg1 activation, promote phagophore assembly site assembly at the vacuole. Importantly, ectopic Vac8 redirects autophagosome formation to the nuclear membrane, indicating that the vacuolar membrane is not specifically required. We propose that multiple avidity-driven interactions drive the initiation and progression of selective autophagy.

Before BBQ Becky

In 2018, a White woman called the police on two Black men who were holding a cookout on the shores of Lake Merritt in Oakland, CA. Branded “BBQ Becky” by Black Twitter, this incident ricocheted around the digital mediascape, contributing to a national debate about racist policing and the dangers of “living while Black.” Many commentators interpreted the struggle over Black cultural practices at Lake Merritt in terms of the now common, even generic, narrative of tech-induced gentrification in the Bay Area. But this elided the fact that the violence of BBQ Becky reproduced an enduring drive to regulate Black geographies and sounds as a means to control the post-emancipation social order. This article argues that scholars and activists need to attune to the “racial reverberations” that continue to loop in contemporary spatial struggles, especially ones involving sound. Drawing upon archival and ethnographic materials, it provides a recursive account of struggles over Black public cultures in Oakland from World War II until the present, thus suggesting that the racial/spatial control embodied in BBQ Becky can’t be reduced to the gentrification narrative alone. Ultimately, this article centers the temporalities of African American epistemologies and musics to realign U.S. gentrification studies with the haunting rhythms of geographic harm and repair experienced by those most impacted by urban dispossession.

Spatial Control of Neuronal Adhesion on Diamond-Like Carbon

This study reports a route to spatial control of neuronal adhesion onto Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) by surface functionalisation by poly (oligo-ethyleneglycol methacrylate) (pOEGMA) and consequent laser ablation to produce cell adhesive tracks. DLC can be deposited as a tough and low friction coating on implantable devices and surgical instruments and has favourable properties for use as a biomaterial. The pOEGMA surface coating renders the DLC surface antifouling and the laser ablation creates graphitised tracks on the surface. The surfaces were coated with laminin, which adhered preferentially to the ablation tracks. The patterned surfaces were investigated for neuronal cell growth with NG108-15 cells for short term culture and rat neural stem cells for longer term culture. The cells initially adhered highly selectively to the ablation tracks while longer term cell culture revealed a more uniform cell coverage of the surface.