Development and regulation of breathing rhythms in embryonic and hatchling birds

2019 ◽  
Vol 269 ◽  
pp. 103246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica R. Whitaker-Fornek ◽  
Jennie K. Nelson ◽  
Casetin W. Lybbert ◽  
Jason Q. Pilarski
Keyword(s):  
Regulation Of Breathing

Acute O2 sensing through HIF2α-dependent expression of atypical cytochrome oxidase subunits in arterial chemoreceptors

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (615) ◽  
pp. eaay9452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Moreno-Domínguez ◽  
Patricia Ortega-Sáenz ◽  
Lin Gao ◽  
Olalla Colinas ◽  
Paula García-Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Glomus Cells ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Regulation Of Breathing

Acute cardiorespiratory responses to O2 deficiency are essential for physiological homeostasis. The prototypical acute O2-sensing organ is the carotid body, which contains glomus cells expressing K+ channels whose inhibition by hypoxia leads to transmitter release and activation of nerve fibers terminating in the brainstem respiratory center. The mechanism by which changes in O2 tension modulate ion channels has remained elusive. Glomus cells express genes encoding HIF2α (Epas1) and atypical mitochondrial subunits at high levels, and mitochondrial NADH and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation during hypoxia provides the signal that regulates ion channels. We report that inactivation of Epas1 in adult mice resulted in selective abolition of glomus cell responsiveness to acute hypoxia and the hypoxic ventilatory response. Epas1 deficiency led to the decreased expression of atypical mitochondrial subunits in the carotid body, and genetic deletion of Cox4i2 mimicked the defective hypoxic responses of Epas1-null mice. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the acute O2 regulation of breathing, reveal an unanticipated role of HIF2α, and link acute and chronic adaptive responses to hypoxia.

scholarly journals Hypothalamic orexins/hypocretins as regulators of breathing

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhîannan H. Williams ◽  
Denis Burdakov
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Respiratory Disorders ◽  
Orexin Receptors ◽  
Regulation Of Breathing ◽  
Electrical Impulses ◽  
The Relationship

It was suggested half a century ago that electrical impulses from the lateral hypothalamic area stimulate breathing. It is now emerging that these effects may be mediated, at least in part, by neurons containing orexin neuropeptides (also known as hypocretins). These cells promote wakefulness and consciousness, and their loss results in narcolepsy. Recent data also show that orexin neurons directly project to respiratory centres in the brainstem, which express orexin receptors, and where injection of orexin stimulates breathing. Because orexin neurons receive inputs that signal metabolic, sleep/wake and emotional states, it is tempting to speculate that they may regulate breathing according to these parameters. Knockout of the orexin gene in mice reduces CO2-induced increases in breathing by ∼50% and increases the frequency of spontaneous sleep apneas. The relationship between orexins and breathing may be bidirectional: the rate of breathing controls acid and CO2 levels, and these signals alter the electrical activity of orexin neurons in vitro. Overall, these findings suggest that orexins are important for the regulation of breathing and may potentially play a role in the pathophysiology and medical treatment of respiratory disorders.

THE ROLE OF BRAIN STEM MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS IN THE REGULATION OF BREATHING

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Βασιλική Μάλλιου
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Muscarinic Receptors ◽  
In Vitro Autoradiography ◽  
Regulation Of Breathing

ΧΟΛΙΝΕΡΓΙΚΟΙ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΣΜΟΙ ΠΑΙΖΟΥΝ ΣΗΜΑΝΤΙΚΟ ΡΟΛΟ ΣΤΟΝ ΕΛΕΓΧΟ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΑΠΝΟΗΣ, ΑΛΛΑ Η ΚΑΤΑΝΟΜΗ ΤΩΝ ΜΟΥΣΚΑΡΙΝΙΚΩΝ ΧΟΛΙΝΕΡΓΙΚΩΝ ΥΠΟΔΟΧΕΩΝ ΔΕΝ ΕΧΟΥΝ ΧΑΡΤΟΓΡΑΦΗΘΕΙ ΣΤΑ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΑ ΚΕΝΤΡΑ ΤΟΥ ΣΤΕΛΕΧΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΕΓΚΕΦΑΛΟΥ. ΤΟ ΠΡΩΤΟ ΜΕΡΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ ΕΞΕΤΑΣΕ ΤΗΝ ΥΠΟΘΕΣΗ ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΡΧΕΙ ΕΤΕΡΟΓΕΝΗ ΚΑΤΑΝΟΜΗ MACHR ΥΠΟΔΟΧΕΩΝ ΣΤΑ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΑ ΚΕΝΤΡΑ. ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΗΘΗΚΕ Η ΜΕΘΟΔΟΣ IN VITRO AUTORADIOGRAPHY ΓΙΑΤΗΝ ΠΟΣΟΤΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΠΟΙΟΤΙΚΗ ΚΑΤΑΝΟΜΗ ΤΩΝ ΥΠΟΔΟΧΕΩΝ ΣΤΑ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΑ ΚΕΝΤΡΑ. Η ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗ ΕΔΕΙΞΕ ΓΙΑ ΠΡΩΤΗ ΦΟΡΑ ΟΤΙ ΣΤΑ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΑ ΚΕΝΤΡΑ ΤΟΥ ΕΓΚΕΦΑΛΟΥ ΥΠΑΡΧΕΙ ΕΤΕΡΟΓΕΝΗ ΚΑΤΑΝΟΜΗ MACHR ΥΠΟΔΟΧΕΩΝ. ΕΤΣΙ ΣΤΑ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑΤΑ ΤΗΣ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΟΥΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΟ ΠΡΩΤΟ ΒΗΜΑ ΓΙΑ ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΕΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΕΣ ΜΕ ΣΤΟΧΟ ΝΑ ΔΙΕΥΚΡΙΝΙΣΤΕΙ Ο ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΚΟΣ ΡΟΛΟΣ ΤΩΝ MACHR ΥΠΟΔΟΧΕΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΣΤΕΛΕΧΟΥ ΣΤΟΝ ΕΛΕΓΧΟ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΑΠΝΟΗΣ. ΤΟ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟ ΜΕΡΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗΣ ΕΞΕΤΑΣΕ ΤΗΝ ΔΡΑΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΜΟΥΣΚΑΡΙΝΙΚΟΥ ΑΓΩΝΙΣΤΗ BETH ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ ΜΟΥΣΚΑΡΙΝΙΚΩΝ ΑΝΤΑΓΩΝΙΣΤΩΝ 4-DAMP ΚΑΙ METHATRAMINE ΣΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΠΝΕΥΣΤΙΚΗ ΣΥΧΝΟΤΗΤΑ (AL) ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗ ΔΙΑΡΚΕΙΑ NREM ΚΑΙ REM ΥΠΝΟΥ. Η ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ ΕΔΕΙΞΕ ΟΤΙ Η BETH ΣΤΟ MPRF ΤΟΥ ΣΤΕΛΕΧΟΥ ΠΡΟΚΑΛΕΙ ΜΕΙΩΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΑΣ (P < 0.05) ΚΑΤΑ NREMΚΑΙ REM ΥΠΝΟΥ. ΜΙΚΡΟΕΓΧΥΣΕΙΣ 4-DAMP ΚΑΙ METH ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΕΞΕΤΑΣΗΤΗΣ ΥΠΟΘΕΣΗΣ ΟΤΙ Η ΜΕΙΩΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΑΣ ΔΕΝ ΜΠΟΡΕΙ ΝΑ ΞΕΧΩΡΙΣΤΕΙ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΣΤΑΔΙΟ ΕΓΡΗΓΟΡΣΗΣ. Η ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ ΑΥΤΗ ΕΔΕΙΞΕ ΓΙΑ ΠΡΩΤΗ ΦΟΡΑ ΟΤΙ ΟΙ ΜΟΥΣΚΑΡΙΝΙΚΟΙ ΑΝΤΑΓΩΝΙΣΤΕΣ 4-DAMP ΚΑΙ METH ΔΕΝ ΕΜΠΟΔΙΣΑΝ ΤΗΝ ΜΕΙΩΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΑΣ ΠΟΥ ΣΥΝΟΔΕΥΕΙ ΤΟ ΣΤΑΔΙΟ ΕΓΡΗΓΟΡΣΗΣ.

Regulation of breathing at beginning of exercise

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1183-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. N. Craig ◽  
E. G. Cummings ◽  
W. V. Blevins
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Muscle Action ◽  
Work Situation ◽  
Muscle Action Potential ◽  
Regulation Of Breathing ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Leg Movement

In initial 20-sec periods of running on the treadmill, raising the slope to 12% increased by 50% the integrated muscle action potential, recorded from the under side of the thigh, without affecting the ventilation in four men. Five men worked for 1 min at four tasks, two on the treadmill and two on the horizontal cycle ergometer. Each pair of tasks consisted of slow and rapid leg movement at the same rate of work. Ventilation often continued at about the resting rate for the first few seconds of work, unaffected in any significant way by frequency of leg movement. In the subject responding to the onset of exercise by a sudden sharp involuntary increase in ventilation, the nature of the nervous respiratory drive is not clear. Whatever drive arises from the work itself may be strongly modified by training or by complexities in the work situation. leg movement; muscle action potential; nervous respiratory drive Submitted on May 16, 1963

Normoxic and hypoxic breathing pattern in newborn grey seals

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacopo P. Mortola ◽  
Clement Lanthier
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
Halichoerus Grypus ◽  
Breathing Rate ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Regulation Of Breathing ◽  
Expiratory Flow

We studied the breathing patterns of three newborn grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) at 2 – 3 days of age under normoxic and hypoxic conditions with the barometric technique, which does not require the animal to be restrained. Normoxic tidal volume was deeper and breathing rate slower than expected for newborns of this size on the basis of previously published allometric relationships. In addition, two characteristics were readily apparent: (i) occasional sudden long apneas, often exceeding 30 s in duration, and (ii) consistent brief interruptions of expiratory flow. Neither aspect is common in terrestrial newborns of this age, but both have been previously observed in adult seals. During hypoxia (10 min of 15% O2 and 10 min of 10% O2), ventilation increased markedly and steadily, at variance with what occurs in newborns of other species, indicating a precocial development of the regulation of breathing. This latter result also suggests that the blunted response to hypoxia previously reported in adult seals may be acquired postnatally with diving experience.

Effect of transcendental meditation on breathing and respiratory control

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Wolkove ◽  
H. Kreisman ◽  
D. Darragh ◽  
C. Cohen ◽  
H. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Transcendental Meditation ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Respiratory Pattern ◽  
Quiet Breathing ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Regulation Of Breathing ◽  
Eyes Open

We studied the effect of transcendental meditation (TM) on breathing using 16 experienced meditators and 16 control subjects. In controls, there was no significant difference in minute ventilation (VE), respiratory pattern, or hypercapnic response, whether breathing with eyes open-awake (CA), or with eyes closed-relaxing (CR). In meditators, VE decreased significantly during quiet breathing from 14.0 +/- 0.7 1/min with eyes open-awake (MA) to 12.4 +/- 0.6 1/min during meditation (MM) (P less than 0.02). The change in VE during meditation was due to a decrease in tidal volume (VT) resulting from a shortened inspiratory time (TI). Meditation was associated with a decreased response to progressive hypercapnia from 3.7 +/- 0.4 to 2.5 +/- 0.21 X min-1 X Torr-1 during MA and MM trials, respectively (P less than 0.01). During meditation VT was smaller at a given alveolar PCO2 than during MA studies because of a decrease in mean inspiratory flow rate (VT/TI). These observations suggest that an alteration in wakefulness, more subtle than sleep or the unconscious state, can significantly affect the chemical and neural regulation of breathing.

Humoral Regulation of Breathing

Science ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 134 (3482) ◽  
pp. 884-884
Author(s):  
Albert Roos ◽  
Thomas F. Hornbein
Keyword(s):  
Regulation Of Breathing ◽  
Humoral Regulation

Respiratory and cardiovascular systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 373-496
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Thoracic Cavity ◽  
Gaseous Exchange ◽  
Skeletal Tissue ◽  
Pulmonary System ◽  
Regulation Of Breathing ◽  
Lower Airways ◽  
Cardiovascular Systems ◽  
Respiratory Conditions ◽  
Ventilation And Perfusion

‘Respiratory and cardiovascular systems’ begins with the anatomy of the thoracic cavity, including the lungs, skeletal tissue, and soft tissue, before consideration of the two main physiological components of the thorax: the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems. The main structures of the pulmonary system are discussed (pleura and pleural cavities, the upper and lower airways), together with respiratory mechanics, the principles of gaseous exchange and gas transport in the blood, the relationships between ventilation and perfusion, and the regulation of breathing. Major respiratory conditions and diseases are also covered, such as cystic fibrosis, pulmonary embolism, asthma, and the effect of altitude. The cardiovascular system topics includes blood physiology (haematology and haemostasis) and the heart in terms of anatomy, its function as a pump, and the nature of the heart as an electrical tissue (the electrocardiogram). The function of the heart is discussed, including during exercise and in diseases such as heart failure and hypertension.

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