Multi- Factor etiopathogenesis of gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer disease

Gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer disease is a multifactorial pathology, in the etiopathogenesis of which the general and local reactions of the body to external and internal risk factors play a role. Psychoemotional stress is the main cause of the pathology of nervous and humoral regulation (general reaction), and the local reaction is expressed in a violation of the ratio between the factors of aggression and protection factors in the mucous membrane of the stomach and / or duodenum. The combined action of these components leads to the formation of an ulcerative defect.

Visualized Analysis of Research Hotspots in Acupuncture-Neuro Immunoregulation Based on Bibliometrics

Objective: To review the development of acupuncture and moxibustion-neural network regulation research systematically and comprehensively in China. Method: This study adopted co-word analysis, cluster analysis and other bibliometric methods such as SATI3.2, Citespace and Gephi to visually demonstrate the annual publication volume, cooperation between institutions and co-authorship in the field of acupuncture-neuro immunoregulation research based on the data of more than 70 papers on related topics covering a period of 24 years from 1997 to 2020 in China. Results: The results show that there are three major research institutions in the field of acupuncture-neuro immunoregulation, namely Shanghai, Zhejiang major research institutions in the field of acupuncture-neuro immunoregulation, namely Shanghai, Zhejiang and Heilongjiang Universities of Traditional Chinese Medicine, as well as 7 clusters, including immune function, acupuncture therapy and endogenous opioid peptide. In the future research, a more comprehensive system will be constructed based on the gradually clear relationship between meridians and nerve regulation, humoral regulation, and immune regulation. Application practice will combine traditional acupuncture with modern medicine to create a variety of new therapies, such as electroacupuncture, electric acupuncture, and acupoint injection. Conclusion: The research focus will be expanded on how to improve the clinical efficacy of multiple combined therapies such as acupuncture for the prevention and treatment of diseases through the regulation of immune cells and immune molecules as well as the regulation of the "acupuncture-meridian- neuroendocrine-immune" network.

Research Progress on the Relationship between Polymorphism and SLE of Vitamin D Metabolic Pathway Related Gene

Vitamin D is a class of hormones necessary to maintain normalphysiological activities of the body. A large number of studies have shownthat vitamin D, as a fat-soluble vitamin, is not only related to calcium andphosphorus metabolism, but also closely related to immune regulation,humoral regulation, cell cycle and so on. Systemic Lupus erythema-Tosus(SLE) is a specific autoimmune diffuse connective tissue disease thatcauses tissue and organ damage under the joint action of multiple factorssuch as environment and heredity. Among many factors, the vitamin Dmetabolism pathway gene is particularly important for its influence. Someliterature has shown that the genetic polymorphism of vitamin D metabolicpathway genes is correlated with SLE. Therefore, by referring to relevantliterature, this paper summarized the progress in the research on themechanism of genetic polymorphism of vitamin metabolism pathway genesand the development of SLE.

Indicators of humoral regulation of the circulatory system in obese patients

Objectives - to study the indicators of humoral regulation of circulatory system in obese patients as the predictors of CHF development. Materials and methods. Two groups of 40 patients were formed: the first group consisted of patients with I or II grades obesity with BMI of up to 40 kg/m2, the second group included patients with grade III obesity with BMI of over 40 kg/m2. None of the selected patients had a history of cardiovascular events. The concentration value of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system components and level of N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) was determined. Results. Aldosterone level in grade I-II obese patients was close to normal upper border: 58.9 [54.9; 73.8] pg/ml (normal range is 10-60 pg/ml), while in patients with grade III obesity it was 79.5 [64.5; 90.1], which is 25.9% higher than in patients of the first group and 24.5% higher above the normal level (p < 0.05). These two groups was significantly different not only in average plasma aldosterone level, but in absolute number of patients with hyperaldosteronism, whose number accounted for 46.2% in grades I or II obese patients and 85.7% among patients with grade III obesity. Plasma renin level and angiotensin II levels in both groups was within the normal range. NT-proBNP level in the first group was 23.7 [10.6; 23.6] pg/ml, in the second group - 138.0 [121.5; 145.9] pg/ml, which is 5.8 times higher (p = 0.001). In both groups of patients, the correlation analysis showed that aldosterone and NT-proBNP levels are closely related (r = 0.74, p < 0.05). Conclusion. This study suggests that aldosterone level can be used as a predictor of HF.

EFFECTS OF FEMALE BLOOD AUTOSERUM ON ALLOGENIC INTERACTIONS IN SHORT-TERM LYMPHOCYTE CULTURES OF PARENTS HAVING CHILDREN WITH CONOTRUNCAL HEART MALFORMATIONS

Highlights The findings of this original study ensure the detection of violations in the humoral regulation of the maternal immune interactions with semiallogeneic fetus, considered as a risk factor for developing sporadic conotruncal heart malformations in the next generation.Aim To study the role of female autoserum blood in limiting allogeneic interactions in short-term lymphocyte cultures of parents having children with conotruncal heart malformations.Methods 21 married couples (the study group) with children suffering from conotrucnal heart malformations (Tetralogy of Fallot) without chromosomal diseases were examined. The control group consisted of 21 families with three or more healthy children. The immune response in a mixed lymphocyte culture of parents was assessed by the increase in HLA-DR expression in the mixed culture with respect to spontaneous lymphocyte cultures. Primary staining of female and male lymphocytes with monoclonal antibodies to CD45, conjugated with various fluorescent dyes (PC-5 and PC-7), allowed assessing the immune response of female lymphocytes to male and vice versa.Results The effects of female autoserum on the mixed lymphocyte culture of parents were assessed. The obtained results reported that the birth of children with conotruncal heart malformations is associated with the interfering effect of female autoserum on HLA-DR expression on subpopulations of female lymphocytes (CD3+, HLA-DR+) and the activating effect on subpopulations of female lymphocytes (CD3-, HLA-DR+). The observed role of female autoserum in the study group may be associated with the absence of HLA-DR-blocking autoantibodies and high synthesis of cytokines by T2 and T3 helper lymphocytes.Conclusion The effects of female autoserum on allogeneic lymphocyte interactions of parents may be observed in short-term mixed lymphocyte cultures. The evaluation of the activating and interfering effects ensures timely identification of any violations in the humoral regulation of the maternal immune interactions with the HLA semiallogenic fetus, considered as a risk factor for developing sporadic conotruncal heart malformations in the next generation.

The role of the brain in the regulation of peripheral noradrenaline-producing organs in rats during morphogenesis

This work represents one part of our research project, in which we try to prove, that in the perinatal period exist a humoral regulation between noradrenaline producing organs. In this study we used a rat model that allowed blocking synthesis of noradrenalin in the brain and evaluated gene expression and protein levels of noradrenaline key synthesis enzymes such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in peripheral noradrenaline producing organs. As a result we showed increased gene expression of TH and DBH in adrenal glands. This data indicate that if neonatal rat brain lacks an ability to produce noradrenaline, then as a compensatory process synthesis of noradrenaline increased in adrenal glands, so that the concentration levels in blood are kept at normal levels. This indicates that there is a humoral regulation between brain and adrenal glands which is not fully understood yet.

Reciprocal modulation of 5-HT and octopamine regulates pumping via feedforward and feedback circuits inC. elegans

Feeding is vital for animal survival and is tightly regulated by the endocrine and nervous systems. To study the mechanisms of humoral regulation of feeding behavior, we investigated serotonin (5-HT) and octopamine (OA) signaling inCaenorhabditis elegans, which uses pharyngeal pumping to ingest bacteria into the gut. We reveal that a cross-modulation mechanism between 5-HT and OA, which convey feeding and fasting signals, respectively, mainly functions in regulating the pumping and secretion of both neuromodulators via ADF/RIC/SIA feedforward neurocircuit (consisting of ADF, RIC, and SIA neurons) and ADF/RIC/AWB/ADF feedback neurocircuit (consisting of ADF, RIC, AWB, and ADF neurons) under conditions of food supply and food deprivation, respectively. Food supply stimulates food-sensing ADFs to release more 5-HT, which augments pumping via inhibiting OA secretion by RIC interneurons and, thus, alleviates pumping suppression by OA-activated SIA interneurons/motoneurons. In contrast, nutrient deprivation stimulates RICs to secrete OA, which suppresses pumping via activating SIAs and maintains basal pumping and 5-HT production activity through excitation of ADFs relayed by AWB sensory neurons. Notably, the feedforward and feedback circuits employ distinct modalities of neurosignal integration, namely, disinhibition and disexcitation, respectively.

Newly Detected Atrial Fibrillation after Acute Stroke: A Narrative Review of Causes and Implications

Cardiac arrhythmias occur frequently in patients with acute stroke, with atrial fibrillation (AF) being the most common. Newly detected AF may lead to increased risk of ischemic stroke, which in turn generates stroke recurrence and adverse outcomes. Currently, most studies are focusing on the role of AF in ischemic stroke and attributing cryptogenic ischemic stroke to previously undetected AF. However, in these studies, subjects used to have neither symptoms of palpitation nor evidence of AF. A better understanding of this association will contribute to the management and therapy for patients after clinical decisions regarding stroke patients. Currently, the definition of newly detected AF has not come to an agreement, and the pathophysiology remains incompletely understood, possibly involving complex alterations in both the autonomic network and humoral regulation. Therefore, this review aims to introduce the definition and epidemiology of newly detected AF after stroke with updated information and elucidate the potential pathophysi­ology, such as autonomic imbalance, catecholamine surge, poststroke systematic inflammation, and microvesicles and microRNAs.