Interpretation of the herbaceous pollen spectra in paleoecological reconstructions: A spatial extension of Indices of Association and determination of individual pollen source areas from binary data

2020 ◽  
Vol 279 ◽  
pp. 104238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Shaw ◽  
Ian Whyte
Keyword(s):  
Binary Data ◽  
Source Areas ◽  
Spatial Extension ◽  
Paleoecological Reconstructions ◽  
Herbaceous Pollen ◽  
Indices Of Association

scholarly journals Determination of the rockfall source in an urban settlement area by using a rule-based fuzzy evaluation

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 941-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Aksoy ◽  
M. Ercanoglu
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Fuzzy Evaluation ◽  
Hazard Map ◽  
Initiation Mechanism ◽  
Urban Settlement ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Rockfall Hazard ◽  
Source Areas ◽  
The City

Abstract. The evaluation of the rockfall initiation mechanism and the simulation of the runout behavior is an important issue in the prevention and remedial measures for potential rockfall hazards in highway protection, in forest preservation, and especially in urban settlement areas. In most of the studies in the literature, the extent of the rockfall hazard was determined by various techniques basing on the selection of a rockfall source, generally defined as zones of rock bodies having slope angles higher than a certain value, proposed by general practice. In the present study, it was aimed to carry out a rule-based fuzzy analysis on the discontinuity data of andesites in the city of Ankara, Turkey, in order to bring a different and rather systematic approach to determine the source areas for rockfall hazard in an urban settlement, based on the discontinuity and natural slope features. First, to obtain rock source areas (RSAs), data obtained from the field studies were combined with a rule-based fuzzy evaluation, incorporating the altitude difference, the number of discontinuities, the number of wedges and the number of potential slides as the parameters of the fuzzy sets. After processing the outputs of the rule-based fuzzy system and producing the linguistic definitions, it could be possible to obtain potential RSAs. According to the RSA maps, 1.7% of the study area was found to have "high RSA", and 5.8% of the study area was assigned as "medium RSA". Then, potential rockfall hazard map was prepared. At the final stage, based upon the high and medium RSAs, 3.6% of the study area showed "high rockfall potential", while areal distribution of "medium rockfall potential" was found as 7.9%. Both RSA and potential rockfall hazard map were in accordance with the observations performed in the field.

Determination of fictive binary data for plutonium(IV) nitrate

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Charrin ◽  
Philippe Moisy ◽  
P. Blanc
Keyword(s):  
Water Activity ◽  
Ternary Mixture ◽  
Binary Data ◽  
Activity Measurements

A method is described for determining binary data for electrolytes from a study of a ternary mixture. The method is based on the concept of thermodynamically simple solutions and on water activity measurements. An application is described in which binary data for plutonium(IV) nitrate are determined from a ternary mixture of Pu(NO

scholarly journals Assessment of rockfall hazard on the steep-high slopes: Ermenek (Karaman, Turkey)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidayet Taga ◽  
Kıvanç Zorlu
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Danger Zone ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Rockfall Hazard ◽  
Source Areas ◽  
Rock Bolting ◽  
Northern Side ◽  
The City

Abstract. Ermenek is one of the curious settlement areas because of its topographical features in Karaman (Turkey). The city is located in northern side of the very steep cliffs formed byjointed limestone which are suddenly increased from 1250 m to 1850 m. Moreover, these cliffs having almost 90° slope dip are the main rockfall source areas due to their lithologicalcharacteristics, climatic effects and engineering properties of rock units. Up to now, depending on rockfall events, almost 500 residences were damaged severely, and losses oflives were also recorded in Ermenek. The rockfall phonemon are initiated by discontinuities, lithological changes, weathering and freeze-thaw process in the study area. In this study,extensive fieldwork including determination of location and dimension of hanging, detached and already fallen blocks, a detailed discontinuity survey, description of geological,morphological and topographical characteristics was performed. Besides, rockfall hazard is evaluated by two-dimensional rockfall analyses along 10 profiles. During the rockfallanalyses; run out distance, bounce height, kinetic energy and velocity of various size of blocks for each profiles are determined by using RocFall v4.0 software. The results obtainedfrom rockfall analyses were used to map the areas possible rockfall hazard zones and rockfall source areas were interpreted. According to rockfall analysis, field study and laboratory testing, protective and preventiverecommendations can be suggested for the areas under rockfall threat. But, the most widely- known remedial measures in literature such as trenches, retaining walls (barrier), wiremeshes, cable/streching nets and rock bolting etc. are not sufficient in the study area, due to topographical, atmospheric and lithological features. For these reasons, firstly total evacuation of the danger zone should be applied and then hanging blocks in the reachablelocations can be removed taking safety measures in this area to make it safer for the living people.

An eigenvalue method for determination of multicomponent diffusion coefficients. Application to NaOH + NaCl + H2O mixtures

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 476-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek G. Leaist ◽  
Robert A. Noulty
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Binary Data ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Multicomponent Diffusion ◽  
Diagonal Form ◽  
Inverse Transformation ◽  
Linear Combinations ◽  
Eigenvalue Method ◽  
Multicomponent Diffusion Coefficients

A general method for the determination of multicomponent diffusion coefficients is developed using the algebraic technique of matrix diagonalization. When linear combinations of measurements from several multicomponent diffusion experiments performed with different initial concentration gradients (but with the same final composition) are analyzed as simple binary data, particular combinations may be found that transform the multicomponent diffusion coefficient matrix D to diagonal form and thus yield time-invariant, pseudo-binary diffusion coefficients: the eigenvalues of D. Since the matrix that diagonalizes D is given by the coefficients used to form the linear combinations, D is easily recovered by the inverse transformation. The advantages of the eigenvalue method are briefly discussed. For testing purposes, ternary diffusion coefficients are determined from conductance measurements for dilute aqueous NaOH + NaCl mixtures. Diffusion of NaOH in aqueous NaCl is significantly more rapid than in pure water, and large coupled flows of NaCl are observed. The results are in close agreement with behavior predicted by Onsager–Fuoss theory.

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